son of Saturn, was the most famous-the actions of the rest being attributed to him. He was con

sidered the father of both gods and men, and worshipped as the God of heaven and earth under different names in different countries. He is said to have married his sister Juno, and to have dethroned his father who was a king in Greece. Indeed, the actions for which he is most celebrated are so contemptible and beastly, that no better proof could be given of the truth of the Bible statement, that "the heart of man is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked," than the facts, that such a monster of iniquity was conceived of, and worshipped as a god, by men with minds so cultivated and enlightened as the Greeks and Romans. What a contrast between this heathen god and the God of the Bible! Well might Socrates say, that it was necessary that the gods should send one to teach man their character and how to worship them. This is what the true God has done in giving us the Bible. Let us, then, read and study it more.-One of the planets is called Jupiter.

JU'GULAR (from jugulum, Lat.), the neck or throat. JU'LIAN, nephew of the Emperor Constantine the Great, was born at Constantinople, A.D. 331. He and his half-brother Gallus escaped the massacre which took place after the death of Constantine, by being concealed in a church by the Bishop of Arethusa. They were both carefully taught the principles of the Christian religion, but Julian afterwards renounced them, and became a worshipper of the heathen gods-an enemy and persecutor of the Christians, and hence is called the Apostate. After completing his education at Athens, he was appointed Governor of Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by his cousin Constantius. Here he gained great credit for his military talents, and became so

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popular with his soldiers, that, in 360, they declare him Emperor; and the death of Constantius, a few months after, left him sole master of the empire. He immediately proceeded to Constantinople, and was proclaimed Emperor, December, 361. No sooner was he seated on the throne, than he commenced to display his hatred to the Christians, by depriving them of the privileges conferred upon them by his uncle, and issuing cruel and persecuting decrees against them. Julian having resolved to prosecute the war against the Persians, set out on the expedition with a brilliant army of 65,000 men, gained several important victories, and was about to receive the submission of the Persian king, when he was wounded by a javelin, and died next day, 26th June, 363. Julian is distinguished for his writings as well as for his military qualities; but has left a deep stain upon his memory by his apostacy and persecution of the Christians.

JURA, a branch of the Alp mountains, running between France and Switzerland; the highest peak of which is 5636 feet above the sea.

K.

KAMTSCHAT'KA, a large peninsula on the east of Siberia or Asiatic Russia. It is about 800 miles in length, and varies from 30 to 120 miles in width, containing an area little less than that of Great Britain. It is very mountainous, some of them containing active volcanoes, and rising to a great hight. They approach close to the eastern coast, which is composed of high rugged cliffs, and bold promontories. The country is most noted for its furs and fisheries. Pop. about 6000. KEBLE, REV. JOHN, M.A., vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, and poet, was born about the year 1800.

He studied at Oriel College, Oxford, where he attained a high literary standing, and was appointed some years afterwards Professor of Poetry in that university. Mr. Keble now confines himself solely to his clerical duties, and his parish is said to be so completely indoctrined with High Churchism, that it is the boast of his friends that it does not contain a single Dissenter. Mr. Keble is author of The Child's Christian Year; The Psalms of David in English Verse; The Christian Year, which has gone through more than forty editions, &c. Besides these poetical works he has also published Sermons; and Discourses on Primitive Tradition.

KIRBY, Rev. WILLIAM, M.A., was a clergyman of the Church of England, and Rector of Barham. He died on the 4th of July, 1850. Besides being joint author with Mr. Spence of a valuable work, in 4 vols., on Entomology or Insects, from which the extract at page 303 of The Course is taken, Kirby is the author of one of the Bridgewater Essays, The Natural History of Animals; Sermons on the Temptation of Christ, &c. William Spence F.R.S., a celebrated entomologist, and joint author with Kirby, died in London, aged 77, on the 6th January, 1860.

KNOWLES, HERBERT, a native of Canterbury, in Kentshire, was born in the year 1798, and died at the early age of 19, in 1817. When only 18, he produced the beautiful verses entitled, Lines written in the Churchyard of Richmond, Yorkshire, which have secured a place for his name in the pages of literature.

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS, a renowned Polish general, born in 1756, of a noble but not wealthy family, after studying first at Warsaw, the capital of Poland, and afterwards at Paris, for the military profession, was made a captain in the Polish army. He afterwards returned to Paris, and volunteered his

services to go to America, to assist the Americans in establishing their independence of Britain. He displayed great bravery in America; was raised to the rank of general in its army; and received a pension as a reward for his services. At the end of the war he returned to his native country, and, in 1789, was made a major-general in the Polish army, and served with distinction in 1792 against the Russians; but the King of Poland submitting to Catherine, Empress of Russia, and Poland being occupied by Russian troops, Kosciusko, with sixteen other officers, left the army and retired into Germany. When the Poles rose, in 1794, to deliver themselves from the oppression of Russia, they chose Kosciusko as their leader. By the attempt of Russia to put down their army, they were obliged to declare themselves before their plans were matured; hence Kosciusko's soldiers were at first neither numerous, well armed, nor well trained. They had no artillery, and part of the men were armed only with scythes and pikes; yet, with only 4000 of such men, he defeated 12,000 Russians at Raclawice, 4th April, 1794. With only 10,000 or 11,000 troops, he defended Warsaw, the capital of Poland, for two months, against the combined forces of Russia and Prussia, till they were obliged to withdraw; and it was not till they overwhelmed him by the mere force of numbers, that they were able to subdue this brave warrior and noble patriot, and to make havoc of his country. On the 10th October, with 21,000 men, he met the combined armies of Russia at Macziewice (50 miles from Warsaw), and although they were three times his number, they were repulsed three times, but at last broke his ranks, and took Kosciusko himself prisoner, as he fell from his horse severely wounded. He was carried to St. Petersburg, but was afterwards released by the Emperor Paul I., who also

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bestowed upon him other marks of esteem. He presented him with his own sword, but the General declined it, with these words: "I no longer need a sword, since I have no longer a country." He never afterwards wore a sword. Kosciusko now again visited America, and afterwards settled for a good many years in France. In 1816, he removed to Soleure, in Switzerland, where he died in October, next year, by a fall from his horse. The Emperor Alexander ordered his body to be removed to Cracow, and placed in the vaults of the kings of Poland; and his country-women put on mournings for his loss. A monument was also raised to his memory.

L.

LABRADOR', a wild and sterile country, lying between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Hudson's Straits, on the north-east of British North America. The whole region is very rugged and extremely cold, and consists of little else than immense masses of rock, on which nothing grows but lichen and moss, interspersed with swamps and lakes, which are only relieved here and there by a few narrow valleys of stunted vegetation. It is thinly inhabited by the Esquimaux.

LACEDE'MON, another name for Sparta, the capital of Laconia, a state in Greece. The city received its names from Lacedæmon, one of its earliest kings, and his wife, Sparta. The Lacedæmónians, or Spartans, were renowned warriors. They made war almost the sole business of their lives. Leaving agriculture and domestic duties to the management of their slaves, the most of their time and attention were devoted to the

arts and practice of war. Their laws and manners were all made subservient to the cultivation of this passion;