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command of the legions in Palestine to his son Titus. After a long siege, he took Jerusalem by storm, on the 2nd September, 70, when about 600,000 Jews were massacred; the walls of the sacred city levelled with the ground, and the Temple burned. Titus had given strict orders that the Temple should be preserved, but a greater than Titus had said, 40 years before, That not a stone of it should be left upon another, and Titus's legions must now unwittingly obey the high behest of the despised Nazarene, in preference to the command of their beloved general! On the death of his father, in 79, Titus became Emperor, and from his previous conduct, the people had too much reason to fear that the accession of power would only enable him to become what too many of his predecessors in office had beena debauched tyrant. They were agreeably disappointed, however; he now seemed to become a new man, and from henceforth devoted his life and energies to advance the welfare of his people, as the guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and was now so much esteemed by them that they called him "The delight of mankind.” His reign, however, was short; he was seized by fever, and died in September, 81, deeply lamented by his subjects.

TRELLISSES, structures of iron, wood, or other bodies, having the parts crossing each other, like a lattice or net-work.

TRIP'OLI, one of the states of Barbary, in the north of Africa; it is bounded on the east by Barca, and on the west by Tunis.

TROY, or IL'IUM, a famous ancient city, and capital of a district in the north-west of Asia Minor, called Troas. The names are derived from two of its earliest princes, Ilus and Tros. The exact site of Troy is not now known with any certainty; but Homer's masterly

Ac

epic poem, the Iliad, has immortalised its name. cording to this author, Priam, a king of Troy, had a son, named Paris, who, during a visit to Greece, resided for some time at the court of Menelaus, king of Sparta, by whom he was kindly received. Charmed with the beauty of Helen, the wife of Menelaus, Paris wickedly abused the king's friendship by taking advantage of his temporary absence to win the affections of his wife, whom he persuaded to elope with him to Troy. As was to be expected, Menelaus, on returning home, was indignant at this base ingratitude, and after having tried in vain to induce the Trojans to send back his queen, he called on the princes of Greece to assist him punishing this injustice. This call was heartily responded to by the most renowned generals and warriors of Greece. About the year 1194, B.C., the combined Grecian forces, consisting of 1186 vessels, with about 100,000 men, besides allies, commanded by Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and brother of the injured Menelaus, set sail for Troas. After being defeated in the field, the Trojans shut themselves up in the city, which they defended with a resolution and courage worthy of a better cause. After a siege of ten years, during which many wonderful feats were accomplished on both sides, Troy was taken; its inhabitants put to the sword, its edifices burned, and its walls razed to the ground.

TUL'LY, a name by which the poet designates Cicero. TURNER, EDWARD, M.D. and F.R.S., was long a private lecturer on chemistry in Edinburgh, and was latterly removed to the chair of chemistry in University College, London. He died at Hampstead, a village near London, on the 12th February, 1837, at the early age of 40. Dr. Turner is author of a standard work on this department of science, in two volumes, entitled

Elements of Chemistry, from which Dr. M'Culloch has taken the articles at pages 207 and 305 of The Course. The 7th edition of Turner's Chemistry-the first after his death was published in 1842, edited by Baron Liebig, professor of Chemistry in the University of Giessen, Germany, and William Gregory, M.D., F.R S.E., professor of chemistry in the University of Edinburgh.

TUR'NUS, the king of a people called Rutuli, forming part of the original inhabitants of Italy. They occupied a district not very far from Rome, of which Ardea was the chief town. Turnus made war against Eneas to drive him out of Italy, that he might not marry Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously engaged to himself, but was beaten, and at last killed in single combat by Æneas.

TWEED. (See TILL.)

TYDI'DES, (a name given to Diomedes, because he was the son of Tydeus Diomedes), was King of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He encountered Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour, gained much military glory. On his return to Greece from the siege of Troy, he found that his wife had not only proved unfaithful to her marriage vows, but that she also sought an opportunity to take away his life. This criminal conduct of his wife was attributed by fable to the displeasure of Venus whom Diomedes had severely wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. These events made Diomedes resolve to abandon his native country, now the scene of his disgrace. He removed to the south of Italy, where he built a city, and married the daughter of Daunus, king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to some, by the hands of his father-in-law, much lamented by his friends, and was afterwards worshipped, as a god.

TYRE, a celebrated ancient city north-west of Canaan, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Its inhabitants were amongst the most civilized and business people of the ancient world, having ships trading with almost all parts of the then known world. Tyre holds a prominent place in ancient history, but was also famous for its wickedness, and is particularly lenounced in the word of God. See Ezek. xxvi, 15–21; xxvii. xxviii. 1-19; Amos i. 9, 10; and Isa. xxiii.

TYROL', a province in the west of the Austrian empire, bounded west by Switzerland, and north by Bavaria. It is extremely mountainous and romantic.

U.

ULLOA, DON ANTONIO, a celebrated Spanish mathematician, born at Seville, in January, 1716. He was educated for the naval service, in which he discharged many important duties, and reached the rank of lieutenant-general. He latterly, however, became so absorbed in philosophic pursuits, that he was charged in 1780 with neglecting his official duties, and deprived of his command, but was allowed to retain his emolu. ments and titles. He was so distinguished for his mathematical and scientific knowledge, that he was chosen, at the age of 20, along with Jorge Juan, who was only three years older, to accompany the scientific expedition which went from France to South America to measure a degree of the meridian at the equator. Ulloa and his companion sailed from Spain in May, 1735, and landed at Carthagena on the 9th July, where they awaited the arrival of the French Academicians. They commenced their scientific operations in June next year, near Quito. Ulloa remained in South America nearly ten years, but was a considerable part of that time engaged in naval service. On returning home he

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VASILIPOTAMOS-VENETIAN.

was captured by an English vessel, and sent to London, where he was received with distinction; made a member of the Royal Society, and set at liberty. He arrived at Madrid in July, 1746, and, two years afterwards, published the History of the Expedition in 4 volumes. The task of preparing the Scientific Observations for publication devolved upon Jorge Juan. Ulloa was afterwards employed by the Spanish government in making tours of observation in several countries of Europe. In 1766 he landed again in America, to act as governor of Louisiana, which had been ceded to the crown of Spain, but failing in the duties of this office, he was soon superseded, and returned again to Europe. After publishing other three volumes on different subjects, and exerting himself for years with great assiduity and success in advancing the arts and sciences in Spain, and in their practical application for its internal improvement, Don Antonio died in July, 1795, in his 79th year.

V.

VASILIPOTAMOS, or IRI, the modern names for the Eurotas. The first seems to be a corruption of Basilipotamos, The King of Rivers, (from basilis, Gr., a king; and potamos, Gr., a river), so called by the Spartans, who are said to have worshipped it as a god. VELINO, a tributory of the river Nera. (See TERNI.) VENETIAN, relating to VENICE, a famous ancient city at the north-west of the Adriatic Sea. It is built on a group of from 60 to 70 islets, which are connected by 386 bridges, crossing the small straits or canals which separate the different parts of the town, These canals are 149 in number, and serve the same purposes as streets in other towns. Boats, called gondolas, are constantly plying on all parts of them, conveying the inhabitants from place to place. The city is divided

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