large surfaces, to have joints; which are managed several ways, but in all, the chief object is to have them watertight. The best plan of effecting this, is to form laps or roll joints, which is done by having a roll, or strip of wood, about two inches square, but rounded on its upper side, nailed under the joints of the sheets, where the edges lap over each other; one of these edges is to be dressed up over the roll on the inside, and the other is to be dressed over them both on the outside, by which means the water is prevented from penetrating. No other fastening is requisite than what is required from the hammering of the sheets together down upon the flat; nor should any other be resorted to, when sheet lead is exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather; because it expands and shrinks, which, if prevented by too much fastening, would cause it to crack and become useless. It sometimes, however, occurs, that rolls cannot be used, and then the method of joining by seams is resorted to. This consists in simply bending the approximate edges of the lead up and over each other, and then dressing them down close to the flat, throughout their length. But this is not equal to the roll, either for neatness or security.

Lead flats and gutters should always be laid with a current, to keep them dry. About a quarter of an inch to the foot run is a sufficient inclination.

In laying gutters, &c. pieces of milled-lead, called flashings, about eight or nine inches wide, are fixed in the walls all round the edges of the sheet-lead, with which the flat is covered, and are suffered to hang down over them, so as to prevent the passage of rain through the interstice between the raised edge and the wall. If the walls have been previously built, the mortar is raked out of the joint of the bricks next above the edge of the sheet, and the flushings are not only inserted into the crack at the upper sides, but their lower edges are likewise dressed over those of the lead in the flat, or gutter. When neither of these modes can be resorted to, the flushings are fastened by wall-hooks, and their lower edges dressed down as before.

Drips in flats, or gutters, are formed by raising one part above another, and dressing the lead, as already described, for covering the rolls. They are resorted to when the gutter or flat, exceeds the length of the sheet; or sometimes for convenience. They are also an useful expedient to avoid soldering the joints.

Sheet lead is also used in the lining of reservoirs, which

are made either of wood or masonry. As these conveniences are seldom in places subject to material change of temperature, recourse may be had to the soldering, without fear of its damaging the work, by promoting a disposition to crack.

The pumps which come under the province of the plumber, are confined generally to two or three kinds, used for domestic purposes, of which the suction and lifting pumps are the chief: these, as well as water-closets, are manufactured by a particular set of workmen, and sold to the plumber, who furnishes the lead pipes, and fixes them in their places.

Plumber's work is generally estimated by the pound, or hundred weight; but the weight may be discovered by measurement, in the following manner: sheet-lead used in roofing and guttering is commonly between seven and twelve pounds to the square foot; but the following table exhibits the particular weight of a square foot for each of the several thicknesses.

In this table the thickness is set down in tenths and hundredths, &c. of an inch; and the annexed corresponding numbers are the weights in avoirdupois pounds, and thousandth parts of a pound; so that the weight of a square foot of 1-10th of an inch thick, 10-100ths, is 5 lbs. and 899 thousandth parts of a pound; and the weight of a square foot 1-9th of an inch in thickness, is 6 pounds and 554 thousandths of a pound. Leaden pipe of an inch bore, is commonly 13 or 14 lbs. to the yard in length.

GLAZING.

The business of this class of artificers consists in putting glass into sashes and casements. Glazier's work may be classed under three distinct heads, sash- work, lead-work, and fret-work.

The tools requisite for the performance of the first of these departments are, a diamond, a ranging lath, a short lath, a square, a rule, a glazing-knife, a cutting-chisel, a beadinghammer, a duster, ana sash-tool; and in addition, for stopping in squares, a hacking-knife and hammer.

The diamond is a speck of that precious stone, polished to a cutting point, and set in brass on an iron socket, to receive a wooden handle, which is so set as to be held in the hand in the cutting direction. The top of the handle goes between the root of the fore-finger and the middle finger, and the hinder part, between the point of the fore-finger and thumb; there is, in general, a notch in the side of the socket, which should be held next to the lath. Some diamonds have more cuts than one. Plough diamonds have a square nut on the end of the socket, next the glass, which, on running the nut square on the side of the lath, keeps it in the cutting direction.

Glass binders have these plough diamonds without long handles, as, in cutting their curious productions, they cannot apply a lath, but direct them by the point of their middle finger, gliding along the edge of the glass.

The ranging lath must be long enough to extend rather beyond the boundary of the table of glass.

Ranging of glass is the cutting it in breadths as the work may require, and is best done by one uninterrupted cut from one end to the other.

The square is used in cutting the squares from the range, that they may with greater certainty be cut at right angles. The glazing knife is used for laying in the putty in the rebates of the sash, for binding in the glass, and for finishing the front putty.

Of the glass used in building, three qualities are in common use, denominated best, second, and third.

The best is that which is the purest metal and free of blemishes, as blisters, specks, streaks, &c.; the second is inferior, from its not being so free from these blemishes ; and the third are still inferior, both in regard to quality and colour, being of greener hue.

They are all sold at the same price per crate; but the number of tables varies according to the quality. Best twelve, second fifteen, and third eighteen tables.

These tables are circular when manufactured, and about four feet in diameter, having in the centre a knot, to which, in the course of the process, the flashing rod was fixed; but for the safety of carriage, and convenience of handling, as

well as utility in practice, a segment is cut off about four inches from the knot. The large piece with the knot, stil retains the name of table; the smaller piece is technically called a slab. From these tables being of a given size, it is reasonable to suppose that, when the dimensions of squares are such as cut the glass to waste, the price should be advanced.

A superior kind of glass may be obtained at some of the first houses in London, which is very flat, and of large dimensions; some of it being 2 feet 8 inches by 2 feet 1 inch; these are sold only in squares.

Rough glass is well adapted to baths, and other places of privacy; one side is ground with emery or sand, so that no objects can be seen through it, though the light be still transmitted.

The glass, called German-sheet, is of a superior kind, as it can be had of much larger dimensions than common glass; it is also of a purer substance, and for these reasons, is frequently appropriated to picture frames. Squares may be had at the astonishing size of 3 feet 8 inches, by 3 feet 1 inch, and 3 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 8 inches, and under.

The glass is first blown in the form of a globe, and afterwards flatted in a furnace, in consequence of which it has a very forbidding appearance from the outside, the surface being uneven.

Plate-glass is the most superior in quality, substance, and flatness, being cast in plates, and polished. The quantity of metal it contains, must be almost, if not al-together, colourless; that sort which is tinged being of an inferior quality. Plate-glass when used in sashes, is peculiarly magnificent; and it can be had of larger dimensions than any other kind of glass.

Stained-glass is of different colours, as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

These colours are fixed by burning, and are as durable as the glass.

Glass can be bent to circular sweeps, which is much used in London for shop windows, and is carried to great perfection in covers, for small pieces of statuary, &c.

The application of stained glass to the purposes of glazing is called fret-work. This description of work consists of working ground and stained glass, in fine lead, into different patterns. In many cases family arms and other devices are worked in it. It is a branch capable of great improvement; but at present is much neglected. Old pieces are very much

esteemed, though the same expense would furnish elegant modern productions. They are placed in halls and staircase windows, or in some particular church windows. In many instances they are introduced where there is an unpleasant aspect, in a place of particular or genteel resort.

Lead-work is used in inferior offices, and is in general practice all through the country. Frames intended to receive these lights are made with bars across, to which the lights are fastened by leaden bars, called saddle bars; and where openings are wanted, a casement is introduced either of wood or iron. Sometinies a sliding frame answers the same purposes. Church windows are generally made in this manner, in quarries or in squares.

The tools with which this work is performed are, in addition to the foregoing, as follow:

A vice, with different cheeks and cutters, to turn out the different kinds of lead as the magnitude of the window or the squares may require.

The German vices, which are esteemed the best, are furnished with moulds, and turn out lead in a variety of sizes. The bars of lead cast in these vices are received by the mill, which turns them out with two sides parallel to each other, and about of an inch broad, with a partition connecting the two sides together, about of an inch wide, forming on each side a groove, nearly by of an inch, and about 6 feet long.

Besides a vice and moulds there are a setting-board, latterkin, setting-knife, resin-box tin, glazing-irons, and clips.

The setting-board is that in which the ridge of the light is marked and divided into squares, struck out with a chalk line, or drawn with a lath, which serves to guide the workmen. One side and end is squared with a projecting bead or fillet.

The latterkin is a piece of hard wood pointed, to run in the groove of the lead, and widen it for the easier reception of the glass.

The setting-knife consists of a blade with a round point, loaded with lead at the bottom and terminating in a long square handle. The square end of the handle serves to force the square of glass tight in the lead. All the intersections are soldered on both sides, except the outside joints of the outer sides, that is, where they come to the outer edge. These lights should be cemented by pouring thin paint along the lead bars, and filling up the chasms with dry whiting, to which, after the oil in the paint has se