Since cold air is incessantly carrying off warmth, whole races of mankind placed under new circumfrom the skin, more exercise is requisite in win-stances, time being granted."-M. Somerville. ter than in summer, in cold climates than in warm; consequently, more carbon is necessary in the former than in the latter, in order to maintain

A brief notice was taken in our 19th number of

the chemical action that generates heat, and to ward off the destructive effects of the oxygen, which incessantly strives to consume the body. Animal food, wine, and spirits, contain many times more carbon than fruit and vegetables, therefore animal food is much more necessary in a cold than in a hot climate. The Esquimaux, who lives by the chace, and eats 10 or 12 pounds weight of meat and fat in 24 hours, finds it not more than enough to keep up his strength and animal heat, while the indolent inhabitant of Bengal is sufficiently supplied with both by his rice diet. Clothing and warmth make the necessity for exercise and food much less, by diminishing the waste of animal heat. Hunger and cold united soon consume the body, because it loses its power of resisting the action of the oxygen, which consumes part of our substance, when food is wanting. Hence, nations inhabiting warm cli- an effort which was about to be made, in the Legismates have no great merit in being abstemious, lature of Pennsylvania, to repeal several sections nor are those guilty of committing an excess who of a law, enacted in 1847, for the protection of our live more freely in colder countries. The ar-free coloured people, the preservation of the public rangement of Divine Wisdom is to be admired in peace, &c. The movement now made appears to this as in all other things, for, if man had only be entirely a political manœuvre, not founded on been capable of living on vegetable food, he never any general expression of public opinion, in oppocould have had a permanent residence beyond the sition to the law in question, or any application latitude where corn ripens. The Esquimaux, and from the people for its repeal. Pennsylvania has all the inhabitants of the very high latitudes of both continents, live entirely on fish and animal enjoyed the undisputed honour of being the first food. What effects the difference of food may to declare, even before its own independence was have the intellect is not known. acknowledged by the parent state, that no further upon addition to its slave population should ever be made, either by birth or immigration. Seventy years have glided away since that mandate was issued, and the legislation of the Commonwealth, on the subject of slavery, from that time to this, has been progressive.

A nation or tribe driven by war, or any other cause, from a warm to a cold country, or the contrary, would be forced to change their food both in quality and quantity, which in the lapse of ages might produce an alteration in the external and internal structure. The probability is still greater, if the entire change that a few years produce in the matter of which the human frame is composed be considered. At every instant during life, with every motion, voluntary and involuntary, with every thought, and every exercise of the brain, a portion of our substance becomes dead, separates from the living part, combines with some of the inhaled oxygen, and is removed. By this process it is supposed that the whole body is renewed every 7 years; individuality, therefore, depends on the spirit, which retains its identity during all the changes of its earthly house, and sometimes even acts independently of it. When sleep is restoring exhausted nature, the spirit is often awake and active, crowding the events of years into a few seconds, and, by its unconsciousness of time, anticipates eternity. Every change of food, climate, and mental excitement, must have their influence on the reproduction of the mortal frame; and thus a thousand causes may co-operate to alter

TEA.

Mr. E. Sayres, Vice Consul of Brazil, with several We some days since were kindly presented by specimens of green, black and gunpowder teas. We have since had an opportunity of testing the quality and the flavor, and we take pleasure in pronouncing both as excellent. And this, too, is the testimony of several of our best grocers and most capable judges. The result, therefore, may be regarded as highly successful and satisfactory; and we trust that the cultivators in Brazil will continue and pursue their laudable enterprise.— Late Paper.

FRIENDS' REVIEW. PHILADELPHIA, SECOND MONTH 8, 1851.

The drudgery of recovering fugitives from labour, under the provisions of the federal compact, was fairly taken off the separate States, and thrown upon the general government, by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Prigg vs. The State of Pennsylvania. The acts of Congress of 1793 and of 1850 have made provision for the reclamation of fugitive slaves, which we might suppose amply sufficient to gratify the most strenuous advocates of southern rights. Hence there seems little for our State Legislatures to do, in relation to negro slavery, but to afford all the protection to our own coloured people which the law can furnish; and to provide that none but actual fugitives, whom our Legislature have no power to emancipate, shall be carried into servitude under the operations of the general government.

It is highly desirable, both for the credit of our noble Commonwealth, and for the cause of justice

and humanity, that this retrograde movement, sent into bondage in other States, as fugitives, should, if possible, be averted. when they were undoubtedly free."

claimant, may be a serious injury to the liberty, of freemen.

The law of 1847 is pronounced in the aforesaid Report to be "a legal and constitutional exercise of State Legislative power, as recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States, and of this State." It was the result of careful examination and deliberate thought, in compliance with the request of numerous citizens of this Commonwealth, and was enacted, we believe, without a dissenting voice in either house. Its operation has been beneficial in protecting the free coloured population, and preventing those scenes of tumult and violence, with which the attempt to seize and carry away alleged fugitives from labour, was often attended.

We conceive that it is not only the unquestionable right, but it is also clearly the duty, of the free States, to protect their own coloured population from the rapacity of avaricious men; and that the great object of the law of 1847, is to afford that protection and to preserve the public peace; and that it infringes on no right guaranteed by the Constitution to other States.

We are persuaded that a repeal of any of the provisions of that law, would be less a compromise of policy, than a sacrifice of principle-not a compromise of the rights of the whites, so much as a surrender of the peace, the safety, and the liberties of the free people of colour of Pennsylvania, who are not permitted to plead their own cause in our Legislative halls; and whose rights it would be unjust to surrender, under the illusory idea of its having a tendency to promote harmony, or removing a supposed cause of offence.

The fourth Section of the law, is one of great importance to the peace of the State, and the security of citizens. The power of the States to enact laws for the preservation of the public peace within their jurisdiction in fugitive cases, is fully and clearly recognised by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Prigg; and this fourth Section is so unobjectionable in its character, that it seems difficult to conceive any good reason for its repeal. With-may well fear, that He who is the Refuge of out questioning the alleged right of the master the door and the oppressed, and a God who to arrest and carry away his slave,-without judgeth nations as well as individuals, will opposing any restriction or obstacle to his peace- not only frustrate our plans, but cause ably doing so; it simply provides that he shall "own iniquity to correct us, and our backsliding not attempt the performance of the act, "in a to reprove us." riotous, violent, tumultuous, or unreasonable manner."

It is declared in the Holy Scripture, "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God." A compliance with this, is the only basis on which we can safely rest our hopes, that the Almighty Governor of the Universe, who controls the destinies of nations, will bless and preserve the peace of our country. If we attempt to soothe others, or to promote harmony, by acts of injustice towards any of His rational creation, entitled, equally with ourselves, to the protection of the laws, and to the enjoyment of their civil rights; we

our

We would respectfully suggest that a law enacted as this was, with the unanimous consent of the members of the Legislature, after mature deliberation, and in accordance with the solicitation of a large number of their constituents, and which many hoped would permanently set at rest this long debated subject, ought not to be changed without a general expression of dissatisfaction from your fellow-citizens, and the clearest evidence that it is operating upon them injuriously.

destructive of the peace, and prejudicial to the
character of the Commonwealth.

When we consider how repugnant to the feelings and judgment of our citizens, slavery and its concomitant evils are, we have reason to apprehend that the encouragement thus given to the unrestrained exertion of despotic power, will result in scenes of tumult and riot,

We feel religiously bound earnestly to re-
monstrate against the passage of either of the
bills in question; and desire that it may
please the Most High, so to influence the
hearts of our Legislators, that their proceed-
ings in this important matter, may be in con-
formity with that excellent and comprehensive
rule, laid down by the great Christian Law-
giver, our blessed Lord and Saviour-" What-
soever ye would that men should do unto you,
do ye also even so unto them."
Signed by direction and on behalf of a

meeting of the Representatives of the
Religious Society of Friends, commonly
called Quakers, in Pennsylvania, &c.,
held in Philadelphia, the 24th of the
First month, 1851.

WILLIAM EVANS, Clerk.

DIED,-On the 28th of Twelfth month last, near voyage, and the survivors are too often used Waynesville, Ohio, LYDIA B., wife of Brooks John- | as mere beasts of burden. The Minister says in son, and only daughter of Edward and Jemima the same despatch:

Burson.

"This traffic should, at all hazards, be put down; and when I inform you that by far the greater portion of it is carried on in vessels built in the United States, and under the flag of our country, I trust you will agree with me, that it becomes us to act, and to act promptly. For myself, I will do so with hearty good will."

In May, and July, 1847, Mr. Gorham Parks took a number of depositions relative to the case of the American brig Senator, which had brought a cargo of slaves into Brazil in the month of March preceding. This testimony proves that the vessel was American, that she sailed from Rio Janeiro with a general cargo direct for the coast of Africa; that she landed her cargo at three points on the coast, and took on board at Loango, nine hundred and ninety-three slaves, and after a voyage of twenty-three days arrived at Macahi, Brazil, two hundred and eighty-three slaves having died on the voyage. The crew shipped at Rio, under assurances that they were to be employed on a regular trading voyage. There were eight or ten sailors; from the names they are evidently Americans. Immediately be

HAVERFORD SCHOOL.

A vacancy in the Mathematical Department of this Institution will occur at the close of the Winter Term, in the Fourth month next, in consequence of the resignation of the present Teacher. Applications for the station may be addressed to either

of the undernamed Managers, by whom the ne-fore taking on board the negroes, the American
cessary information will be given.
captain went on shore, and a Portuguese took his
place.

THOMAS KIMBER,
JOSIAH TATUM,

No. 50 N. 4th St.
ALFRED COPE,

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on Fourth day, the 8thult., at his residence in Edgemont, Delaware county, Pa., JOHN NEWLIN, aged 33 years. He suffered much, at times, from a lingering and painful disease, which he bore with unmurmuring patience. He expired without a struggle; and the calmness and serenity which clothed his spirit, left in the minds of his family and friends, a consoling evidence that his end was peace.

AUXILIARY BIBLE ASSOCIATION.

The Stated Annual Meeting of the Auxiliary Bible Association of Friends of Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting, will be held at the Committee Room, Arch street Meeting House, on Second day evening at 7 o'clock, 2d mo. 10th, 1851. Friends of both sexes are invited to attend. CHARLES ELLIS, Secretary.

The men were told that the prize had been sold, and that they might go on shore if they chose, but they were not offered their wages, and the place was very sickly. They navigated the vessel back. The vessel was less than three hundred tons burthen. The negroes were stowed so thickly that some lay upon others. The supply of water was insufficient, and seventy-four slaves died the first night out, from suffocation. The "Senator" belonged to Boston, and she sailed throughout this fearful voyage under the Min-American flag. The mate, named Miller, seems to have conducted the enterprise, and the minister solicited his surrender, to be sent home to the United States for punishment, but the Brazilian government did not give him up.

In January, 1848, the American bark Laurens was seized, a few days out from Rio, and sent home as a slaver. This is the vessel on which the specie was seized, for which the late Marshal of New York was reported to be a defaulter. She was condemned.

Walnut St. Wharf. CHARLES YARNALL, 39 High St.

Philadelphia, 1st mo., 1851.

SLAVE TRADE IN AMERICAN VESSELS.

There have been issued at Washington, printed copies of the correspondence between the State Department and David Tod, United States ister at Rio Janeiro, relative to the African slave trade. The correspondence of Mr. Tod covers a period of about four years, but he refers to, and gives the substance of communications from Mr. Proffit and Mr. Wise, his predecessors in the mission, upon the slave trade, from March, 1843, to the time of his arrival in Brazil. This document discloses facts which will shock the country, and we trust lead to effectual measures for the suppression of the most cruel and wicked traffic ever carried on.

It is stated in a despatch dated Oct. 16th, 1847, that the trade between Africa and Brazil continued to be prosecuted to an extent almost incredible. Not less than forty-five thousand Africans had been imported into Brazil the preceding year, and it is added that the poor creatures were not only separated from their homes and friends, but on their passage, and frequently after their arrival, were treated most brutally. More or less of every cargo are murdered on the

In October, 1849, the Minister describes the case of the American whaling ship Herald, of Stonington, which he demanded as the property of the insurers in New York. She sailed from Stonington in December, 1845, and after an unsuccessful cruise for whales, was brought into the port of Rio, and there "by the barratrous act of the master," Captain Samuel Barker-we give the name in full that the due meed of infamy may attach to it-was sold, nominally for $12,000, and fitted up for the slave trade,

Barker still commanding her. She made a voyage to the coast of Africa, and brought back to Brazil between eleven and twelve hundred slaves.

The burthen of the Herald was two hundred and forty-one tons. The condition of twelve hundred human beings in the hold of such a vessel may be imagined by a person of very strong imaginative faculties; it certainly could not be described. The wretch Berker contracted at the time of making the pretended sale of the ship, to make three voyages to Africa for slaves, and may therefore be presumed to have brought over more than three thousand victims of the traffic. His family reside, says one of the documents, in Dartmouth, near New Bedford.

In January, 1850, Mr. Tod wrote, "fifty thousand Africans are annually imported into Brazil and sold for slaves. I believe one-half this number are introduced through the facilities, directly and indirectly afforded by the American flag. This belief is founded upon my familiarity with the subject, growing out of afclose attention to it since my arrival in Rio Janeiro."

Mr. Proffit, in his No. 9 of 27th of February, 1844, wrote to Mr. Upshur:

"I regret to say this, but it is a fact not to be disguised or denied, that the slave trade is almost entirely carried on under our flag, in American-built vessels, sold to slave traders here, chartered for the coast of Africa, and there sold, or sold here, delivered on the coast. And, indeed, the scandalous traffic could not be carried on to any extent, were it not for the use made of our flag, and by the facilities given by the chartering of American vessels to carry to the coast of Africa the outfit for the trade, and the materials for purchasing slaves."

In February, 1845, Mr. Wise stated to Mr. Calhoun,

"Our flag alone gives the requisite protection against the right of visit, search, and seizure; and our citizens, in all the characters of owners, consignees, of agents, and of masters and crews of our vessels, are concerned in the business, and partake of the profits of the African slave trade to and from the ports of Brazil, as fully as the Brazilians themselves and others, in conjunction with whom they carry it on. In fact, without the aid of our own citizens and our flag it could not be carried on, with success, at all."

In 1850, Ex-Consul Gorham Parks, in answer to circular questions of Mr. Tod, stated that from July, 1844, to October, 1849, ninety-three American vessels cleared from Rio for Africa; of these, all but five had been sold and delivered on the coast of Africa, and had been engaged in bringing over slaves, and many of them had been captured with slaves on board. They were all of them loaded with goods with which to purchase slaves, and with provisions and water for their support on the passage over. Mr. Parks next proceeds to describe the means by which

2

this trade is conducted. The vessel is sold and transferred the moment the slaves are ready for embarkation, and the American crew are turned on shore, or compelled to remain and work the vessel. Often while this transaction is going on, an English cruiser comes in sight, and then the slaves are hurried back, and the American flag again hoisted. There is proof on the records of the consulate at Rio, that an American captain took on board a cargo of slaves three times, and landed them as often, and was at length compelled to sail without them.

Mr. Parks adopts the estimate of the British Consul, Mr. Hesketh, that 183,500 slaves had been imported into the province of Rio Janeiro for the years 1846, '47, '48, and '49, but states that he has no means of estimating the total number for all Brazil. He says the only measures for the suppression of the trade, from which any good effect can be anticipated, are employment of small and swift sailing or steam vessels of war on that station, the refusal to grant sea letters authorising the transfer of American vessels in Brazil or on the African coast, and the total abolition of commerce between Brazil and the coast of Africa in our vessels. He says the latter regulation would be productive of no evil effects, as there is no trade unconnected with that

in slaves.

Such is an abstract of the contents of this document. It shows beyond a question, that the African slave-trade is carried on principally by vessels furnished by the free states of this confederacy, and in many cases by their expatriated citizens. It shows also that the provisions of the British treaty of 1843, have had no effect in suppressing this traffic, and that much more efficient, as well as more economical means may be adopted for the attainment of the same object. Journal of Commerce.

NEW YORK, January 31, 1851. The African Slave Trade- The Manner of Conducting it.

A very important arrest was made here a day or two since, but it was kept secret because the officers were on the track of other parties who had committed the same crime. It was that of Captain William Tyson, on the charge of having fitted out in this port about two years ago, a vessel called the Raymon de Zaldo, for the slave trade. The information was given by one of the seamen, and it was on his affidavit that Capt. Tyson was arrested. It is in proof that they landed six hundred and fifty slaves at Cuba. In relation to the subject of the slave trade carried on by Cuba, a correspondent from Havana writes as follows:

Notwithstanding the treaty with England and America, in regard to the slave trade, there has been imported to this Island alone, the last four