shires, in the east of Scotland. The quantity of flax imported at Hull for the Yorkshire factories last year was 14,288 tons. At Dundee, the quantity was as much as 40,450 tons, including flax tow; and at Kirkaldy, Arbroath, and Montrose, it was 17,295 tons. Dundee, therefore, has come to be the largest importer of the material; and what it receives it works up on the spot, about half for home consumption, and half for exportation. A few words respecting this branch of manufacture in Dundee may prove interesting. in their deservedly high and commanding position? It seems to be a tendency in manufacturing industry, first to divide, and then reunite, branches of labour. We have experienced this in our own limited concern. At first we had no wish to do more than paint, but were at length impelled to adopt all the other branches connected with the preparation of literature. There can be little doubt that textile manufactures will follow this course; spinners will not leave off till they become weavers; and being weavers, So late as 1814, the whole of the flax imported they will probably find it expedient to be their into Dundee amounted to only 3,000 tons; it own calenderers and packers. It was certainly has just been shown now to be above 40,000 a great step in the linen manufacture, when tons. The coarser qualities of goods-as sail- hackling by machinery was absorbed into the cloth, bagging, &c., also linen yarns-are chiefly general preparatory process; for, in conjunction produced here; and for the greater part in con- with the spinning-frame and the power-loom, the nection with extensive establishments provided whole routine of production, from a bag of flax with steam-power. These establishments are to a web of cloth, could be effected in one cstabas imposing in appearance as the cotton facto- lishment. Some years ago, when in Dundee, we ries of Manchester, or the woollen mills of Leeds. observed that, in the large works of Messrs. At present there are in Dundee 43 spinning Baxter, Brothers & Co., a union of departments mills, with steam-engines of an aggregate of had been attained. In a series of buildings con2,075 horse power; and 8 power-loom factories, nected with each other, hackling, spinning, weav possessing 235 horse-power-altogether 51 estab-ing, calendering, and packing, by steam, were lishments with machinery moved by steam. The successfully combined; the whole of the branches spinning-mills employ much the greater number in this single establishment giving employment of hands; but including the whole 51 establish- to 1,500 individuals. ments, there are employed, in various occupations, 3,240 males, and 8,142 females, making a total of 11,382 persons. Of these only 202 are under 13 years of age. We have ascertained that the money wages distributed among this large body of individuals amounts to about £3,900 per week; the payment to the male operatives being, on an average, 9s. 6d., and to females 6s., weekly. Besides the power-loom factories, the town possesses 62 establishments of one kind or other, using hand-labour, and in these there are 4,200 looms. Add to these 10 establishments for finishing, calendering, and packing the cloth which is produced, and we may have an idea of the vigour with which the linen trade of Dundee is conducted. We are informed that 600 additional power-looms will be started in a few months. In the article already referred to, we stated that as much cotton was now spun by machinery in the United Kingdom, as would require the labour, by hand, of many millions of persons. In the hackling, spinning, and weaving of linen, great results are also achieved by inanimate mechanism. In the spinning-mills of Dundee there are upwards of 170 hackling-machines, each doing as much work as eight men would accomplish by hand-labour-the work done by the whole being, therefore, equivalent to 1,400 men. The 43 spinning-mills contain 98,156 spindles, and more yarn is spun by these than can, at a moderate calculation, be effected by 115,000 individuals using the old-fashioned spinning-wheel. With regard to weaving, there are 1,420 power-looms in operation, each doing the work of three hand-looms-the whole manufac Some of the spinning-mills are of vast dimen- turing as much cloth as would require 4,260 sions, and are conducted at an enormous expense. hand-loom weavers. To this number must be The drain of money for wages, and also for tear added about 2,840, for the operations of warping, and wear of mechanism, are perhaps of less ac- winding, &c.,-making 7,100 in all. We should count than the perpetual outlay for new machi- then have the following as the probable amount nery. In the conducting of such works, each of hand-labour required to perform the work of proprietor must keep up with the improvements the Dundee factories: For hackling, 1,400; of the day, otherwise he works his mill at a ruin- spinning, 115,000; weaving, 7,100;-total, ous disadvantage. The introduction, therefore, 123,500 persons, instead of 11,382, as at present of every novelty, having for its object the expe- employed. It appears, by a return made to Par diting of the manufacture, becomes a necessity liament in August last, that there were in Eng in the condition of these capitalists, who are ever land and Wales 135 linen factories; in Scotland, dragged on from one stage of improvement to 189; and in Ireland, 69-total, 393; containanother, at a cost of thousands of pounda. Yet ing 965,031 spindles, and 3,670 power-looms; what is it but this readiness to embrace new and giving employment, in spinning, weaving, adaptations that has placed British factory-owners and other branches, to 68,434 persons. Taking the calculation for Dundee as our data, it would appear that the work done by these establishments is equal to the hand-labour of 1,156,800 persons. It is believed that nearly two-thirds of all the linen manufactured in the United Kingdom is kept for home consumption; and as the quantity of all kinds, both yarn and cloth, exported, amounted, in 1850, to £4,845,030, it would appear that the total value of the linen manufacture is fully twelve millions of pounds per annum. In connection with the manufacture of articles of pure flax and hemp, a large trade has sprung up of late years in the preparation of jute. This remarkable material, the fibre of a species of reed, is peculiar, we believe, to the East Indies, where it grows in great profusion, especially on the vast plains around Calcutta, whence it is shipped in large quantities to this country. During 1850 the export of jute from Calcutta. amounted to 22,933 tons. Of this quantity, it is calculated that about 15,000 tons per annum, or two-thirds of the whole, reach Dundee. The labour connected with the cultivation of jute is not great, but the charge for freight being high, its cost is considerable, although not exceeding half the price of average flax. On reaching the manufacturer, jute is either cut in lengths, and spun in the same way as lint, or it is reduced by a powerful machine to the form of tow, and spun by itself, or in combination with flax-tow. Its fibres are fine and silky, but by no means strong, and where strength is not particularly an object, it is well adapted-cloth composed of jute yarn, wholly or in part, having a smooth, glossy finish, and being produced at a cheaper rate than pure linen.-Chambers' Edinburg Journal. MINERAL WEALTH OF OHIO. The Athens (O.) Messenger makes the following remarks respecting the iron mines of that State: "That the iron business in this region is destined, at no very distant day, to become one of vast magnitude, must be apparent to even the casual observer. Extending through the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, Vinton, Athens and Hocking, we have a belt of iron ore averaging twelve miles in width, and extending a distance of one hundred or more in length, each square mile of which can be made susceptible of keeping up a furnace employing one hundred hands, and yielding eight tons per day, (valued at $25 per ton,) for any desirable period of time. Coal of the very best quality, from three to twenty and even thirty feet in thickness also underlies the counties named, together with others-sufficient to last for ages as a means of fuel for manufacturing in their midst, as well as for supplying the market demand northwest and south of us. naces at different points in this mineral regioneach producing annually from $60,000 to $100, 000 worth of pig iron-creating a great variety and an inexhaustible demand for business and labour-furnishing a steady, sure and profitable home market for all productions of the soil-and who can calculate its future importance and value? England, with an available coal region. occupying an area less than the counties of Athens and Meigs united, manages to produce annually $50,000,000 worth of iron-or an aggregate nearly equal to the entire agricultural exportations of the United States; and yet, at this day, the mineral region of Ohio alone is susceptible of being rendered four-fold more valuable than the entire mineral region of England. THE EAR. contrivance more wonderful than that by which There is perhaps in the economy of nature, no things apparently so little susceptible of precision as the impulses communicated to an elastic fluid, becomes the means of conveying to the mind such a multitude of distinct impressions of harmony, and the nicest distinctions of articulate language. 1851. PLAYFAIR. A HYMN FOR ALL NATIONS. In the wonders all around, Thine the beauteous skill that lurks, Yea-and foremost in the van Lo, our God! thy children here, For "peace on earth, towards men good will." May we with fraternal mind, M. F. TUPPER. The above hymn was prepared for presentation to the multitudes assembled at London to view the wonders of nature and art, which are there collected. The object is declared to be to lead the christian people there to look through nature up to nature's God. To afford an opportunity to the various nations who may visit the great exhibition to read it, this hymn has been translated into Place fifty or a hundred or more of these fur-thirty languages. SUMMARY OF NEWS. EUROPEAN. By the steamship America, from Liverpool, we have English dates to 7th mo. 12th. ENGLAND.-The Ecclesiastical Bill has passed the Commons, and been read the first time in the House of Lords. A motion in the Commons to bring in a bill for the protection of Parliamentary electors by taking votes by ballot, though opposed by Government, was carried by a vote of 87 to 50. A bill for the emancipation of the Jews had passed the Commons, and been sent up to the Lords. According to a parliamentary return, just made, it appears that the Bishop of Durham's income for last year was £38,619 8s. 7d. The sum of £765,363 16s. 6d. is to be applied to the reduction of the British National debt between the 7th instant and the 10th month. A case of harness, sent by Lacey & Phillips, of this city, has received the prize medal at the World's Exhibition. The cotton market continues depressed. Flour has somewhat improved. FRANCE.-M. de Toqueville has presented to the Assembly his report from the Committee on the Revision of the Constitution. The report is very elaborately drawn up, and is strongly in favour of an entire revision. After a philosophical discussion of the rights of all parties, M. de Toqueville arrives at the conclusion that the only safe plan is to delegate the power to a constituent Assembly, unfettered in every way. His observations condemnatory of the policy and practice of Louis Napoleon, and the people of the Elysee, are of the sternest character. The report is considered fatal to all schemes having for their object the overthrow of the Republic. ITALY.-Bills have been posted up in several of the Papal provinces, threatening the Austrian officers with death, if they inflict the bastinado un political delinquents. The Pope has refused his consent to the project, proposed by the Cabinet of Vienna, for uniting the Roman States to the Italian Commercial Union. PORTUGAL. Several general officers have resigned their commands. The country continued tranquil at last accounts. The Cortes will assemble on the 15th of the 11th month. TURKEY.-It has been determined that the remaining refugees, 700 in number, shall be expelled from the country. They have been offered a free passage to the United States, with an allowance of £5 each, in money. Kossuth and his party have been notified to prepare to leave Kuteya by the 1st of the Ninth month. A government steamer is to convey them to Malta, when they will be handed over to the British authorities. Earthquake shocks continued at Rhodes and Makei. DENMARK.-There had been some confusion at Copenhagen, in consequence of the resignation of ministers. Molske has been charged with the formation of a new Cabinet, upon the principle of maintaining the integrity of the Danish monarchy. AUSTRIA.-Violent shocks of an earthquake were felt at Comorn on the 1st of Seventh month. Scarcely a house remained uninjured. Numerous chimneys fell in, and the furniture and utensils in the rooms were overthrown and broken; but we do not find that any lives were destroyed. The inhabitants had fled from their houses, and were encamped in the open fields. The shocks were accompanied by violent claps of thunder. PERSIA. Accounts from Persia announce that Nasredin Shah, had left Teheran for Ispahan, with a numerous suite and an army of 60,000 men. The object of the expedition was unknown. CIRCASSIA.-Late accounts from Circassia state that important advantages have been obtained by the Circassians over the Russian troops. All the forts between Tchemer and Kouban, had been evacuated by the latter. The fort of Haidar was subsequently attacked by the Naib Mohamed Emir, when, after a short resistance, the whole garrison, 2000 in number, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. The Naib had excited several tribes, long subject to Russia, to raise the standard of revolt, and the war-cry was echoing from mount and hill throughout the whole of Circassia. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.-The dates from this colony are to 5th mo. 31st. The colony is said to be in a very critical state. Sir H. Smith, was shut up in King William's Town, surrounded on all sides by hordes of barbarians, who, since winter had set in, and the snow had driven them from the hills, have come down to the low grounds in great numbers. Several expeditions had been made against them, in which numbers of the insurgents were killed, but without producing any important effect. The ac counts from Orange River Sovereignty are alarming; all the tribes are said to be rising. DOMESTIC.-The Head Chief of the Stockbridge Indians, now numbering between 200 and 300 souls, together with two other chiefs, reached St. Paul, Minesota, a few days ago, with the view of select ing two townships of land in the territory on which to locate their people. They reside, and have for the last 20 or 30 years, resided at Green Bay, Wis consin. The Sioux Indian Treaty, which was to have been negotiated at Sioux de Traverse, between American Commissioners and delegations from various neighbouring Indian tribes, is reported by a letter receiv. ed at St. Paul, Minesota, from Governor Ramsey, to have completely failed, and the Commissioners are preparing to return home. One of the most influ ential chiefs of the Sioux, named Wabesha, expressed his resolution not to participate in the overtures of other Indians, or listen to those of the U States Government. The Boll Worm, which is so destructive to the cotton plant, is now committing its depredations, says the Concordia, (La.) Intelligencer, in many places in that parish. They have appeared in swarms of countless millions, and are rapidly destroying the crop. By accounts from the borders of the Rocky Moun tains, we learn that the health of Fort Laramie was good, although a few cases of cholera had appeared among the soldiers. The trains were generally getting along well. The cholera had appeared among the Kanzas Indians. CUBA.-Accounts from Cuba state that a revolt of the inhabitants against the government, took place at Puerto Principe, on the 4th ult. A declar ation of independence was issued by the leaders of the insurgents, dated the 4th ult., containing a long catalogue of complaints against the officers and government of the mother country. Some sanguinary contests are reported; but the statements received appear confused and contradictory. The cholera and yellow fever are said to prevail to some extent at Havanna; but the political excitement seems to be, in a great measure, confined to Puerto Principe and its vicinity. has sown in His field! Some now, as formerly, cannot bear sound doctrine, but would rather say to the servants, prophesy to us smooth things, prophesy deceits; but such physicians are of no value who would cry, Peace, peace, when there is no peace but what the world gives. Twelfth Month 1st.-Many are and have been Price two dollars per annum, payable in advance, or the trials and tribulations I have had to pass six copies for ten dollars. This paper is subject to newspaper postage only. through, both in my public and private capacity. My afflictions are great, and I seem often left comfortless, and at seasons ready to conclude Life and Gospel labours of JOHN CONRAN, of that I would no more speak in the name of the Moyallen, in Ireland. (Continued from page 723.) 1813. I have been greatly tried for these twelve months, with a stripped state, and with various temptations, the subtle adversary being permitted to assault me in various shapes, and repeatedly to roar against me, and terrify me with inward and fearful impressions on my mind. But these trials turned to a good account for me, by drawing me to seek for help from Him on whom help is laid, and through gracious condescension, in the needful time, His Divine presence was manifested in my soul, His holy light dispelled the darkness and administered strength; so that in the frequent successions of these trials, strength was added to strength, holy confidence succeeded weakness, and I was hereby made measurably strong in the Lord, and by the power of His might enabled to rest in hope, that He who had been with me in many tribulations would never forsake me in my latter days; yet my faith was often closely tried. I attended the Yearly Meeting in Dublin this year, and had but little to offer in it, especially in the meetings for discipline, which to me were cloudy; I fear that the knowledge of the letter too much prevailed, which I believe casts a shadow over the brightness which otherwise would be seen, and in which alone the discipline can be suitably and comfortably conducted. I have at times felt my mind drawn to attend the meeting at Lisburn, to which I formerly belonged; in it my spirit has been baptized into a painful and trying state of poverty, and in the cross I have had to minister in this dry and barren state without feeling relieved. Oh! the love of the world, how overwhelming it is, and chokes the precious seed that the good Husbandman Lord, and have ofttimes gone to meeting with that resolution; but when the word of life has sprung up in my heart, I could not refrain, and words would almost burst from my lips; and though no condemnation would follow, yet constant poverty of spirit would be my covering, and mortifying recollections of my past life would impress my mind, and sink me into great abasedness of soul, therein acknowledging my unworthiness and unfitness to take the great and holy name of my God in my lips; but to this state I submit, and bear it patiently, as I am made sensible it is truly my desert. The Quarterly Meeting is now near, and it brings a considerable share of weight over my mind, as I do not know of any other minister likely to be present, and deep poverty is my attendant; but to the great Head of the church I commit His family hereaway, and hope He will have compassion on them, and send them home satisfied that it was good that they were there. The Quarterly Meeting is now ended, and it was well attended for the time of the year; the meetings for worship were, I think, favoured, and I got through the service which presented, to my peace and satisfaction. The first sitting of the meeting for discipline felt to me in danger of being disturbed; I thought Satan was present with us, and once, or oftener, shewed his head; but the Lord was pleased to own us, and he was kept down, and a close exercise and watch prevailing, the business was concluded to satisfaction. The answer to the query, "how meetings are kept up," brought an exercise over Friends, that a committee was appointed (of which I was one) to attend all the Monthly Meetings, and assist them in making appointments to visit the deficient, and to stir them up to more diligence. Third Month 7th, 1814.-The Quarterly, His appearance may be to the carnally wise and Meeting at Lisburn: the meetings for discipline prudent of this generation, it was He whom the were low, Friends too generally are not suffi- angels of God were commanded to worship. ciently watchful over their own spirits, to keep Eleventh Month 13th. The Preparative them in obedience to Christ, in whom are all our Meeting at Megabry, in which my faith was fresh springs for service in the church. I have closely tried, feeling a subject on my mind for a been for a long time kept very low in my mind, long time, but attended with so little ability to and in that state found myself drawn to minister, deliver it that I struggled much and long to pass which has been in the cross, but I dared not it by; but near the conclusion I felt strength to neglect or refuse the opening. We are to offer stand up, and was [enabled] to get through to the small cattle, as well as the large, when they my peace; my usual dryness succeeded, and are demanded of us-t -the former have been sunk my spirit into mourning, but I was merci. accepted at my hands. fully supported by the arising of these words in my mind, "Seek not to thyself great things, and thy life shall be given thee for a prey whithersoever thou goest," which comforted me, as I have hitherto felt life to follow those weak appear ances. I have been drawn to visit sundry week-day meetings in the province, and the fewness of the attendants brought discouragement over the prospect; but giving up to the small appearances in my mind, the service was often owned beyond my expectation, and I returned in peace. I generally am most easy not to make any unnecessary delay after a meeting is over, but return and eat my morsel in secret, and receive from my Master what He is pleased to grant, which is ofttimes an impressive sense of my own unworthiness, and under that impression I can render the praise to whom it is due. -- 20th. First day, at Megabry; a state of infi delity was the burden of my spirit, arising out of those writings which are so plentifully scattered abroad in these days, leading the unwary astray, to follow after lying vanities and the deceivings of their own foolish hearts, thinking to comprehend the things of God by their own wisdom. I have felt this day much depressed in Fourth Month.-I am now passing through mind, from not giving up to attend the Monthly baptisms preparatory to the Yearly Meeting in Meeting at Moyallen, yesterday; the pointing Dublin, which are deeply afflicting, and hard to thereto was so small, and my poverty so prevalent, be borne. Excuses of age (nearly 75 years), and that I passed it by, and I hope to be more atteninfirmities are not felt to be sufficient for my tive in future. The ways of God are at times absenting myself from it, neither a daily prevail- unsearchable, and past our finding out. The ing sense of unworthiness and unfitness to ap- Quarterly Meeting will be in about two weeks, pear with the more enlightened children of the which I expect will bring me into some preparaLord; nothing affords peace but submission to tory baptisms, as is usually my lot before these the requirings of a Master who knows me, and large gatherings; may the Lord strengthen my what I can be made to endure. My exercise is weakness, which is very great, and has been for so great that death seems to be preferable, and some time past, if it be His holy will! the day of my birth lamented that a man child was born into the world-wo is me! for many reasons! But the Lord knows my afflictions, and in His unutterable wisdom permits me to be thus tried, and by those who should not do it, which makes it harder to be borne. Fifth Month.-I attended the Yearly Meeting in Dublin, which cost me a close exercise for some weeks, feeling considerable bodily, as well as spiritual weakness; but I was enabled to give up and to trust for the renewal of strength both ways to Divine Mercy. I had some service in the meeting for discipline, and in a large evening meeting on First day, to my satisfaction. Ninth Month 11th-First day, at Megabry, a time of deep wading in silence, which was at length broken with these expressions, "Ye believe in God, believe also in me,"-" the devils believe and tremble." If we do not believe in Christ our faith stands upon the same grounds with theirs, and we lose the benefit of His second coming, without sin unto salvation; and if we despise Him in His little and low appearance in our hearts, the Jews did so in his bodily appearance and were rejected of Him; and small as Twelfth Month 6th.-Our Quarterly Meeting at Lurgan in the concluding meeting I was enlarged in an open and clear testimony in defence of the Scriptures, and the Divinity of our blessed Lord, against a spirit of antichrist which seemed to possess some present; and I concluded the meeting in supplicating the Lord that He would be pleased afresh to anoint the eyes of those who said they saw, but were blind, and to open their eyes that they might see the New Jerusalem, and the beauty of true holiness, so as to be able to worship God aright through the Spirit of his beloved Son, who is God over all, blessed for ever and for evermore. The meeting concluded under a solemn covering, and I returned home in peace. My movements in the ministry for some years back have been after long waiting, the appear ance of life very small, and my faith closely tried, but a necessity has attended which I have been afraid to neglect; they have often been unespectedly enlarged in Gospel love, and afforded peace: but very shortly the whole recollection of the precious unction has been clearly taken from me, and I have been reduced to my usual |