Then put one foot of the compasses upon the gauge point for the name required, and extend the other to the mean diameter, this extent turned over twice the same way from the length of the cask, will give the contents. In the preceding example the extent from 1 to ,68, will reach from 8 to 5,44, which added to 20, gives 25,44 for the mean diameter. Then the extent from 17,15, the gauge point for wine gallons, turned over twice from the length 40, will reach to 88 gallons. The same case on the Sliding Rule, using, as a multiplier. Set 1 on the sliding line against ,7, and against 8 on it is 5,6 which added to 20 inches gives 25,6 for the mean diameter. Then set 17,15, the gauge point on the slide, against 15,1 and then against 40 on the slide line is 59,7, and against 59,7 on the slide, is 89,2, the contents in wine gallons. Dimensions of Casks, the contents of which are to be found by the preceding rules. EXCHANGE is the paying of money in one place or country, for the like value to be received in another place or country. There are two kinds of money, viz. real, and imaginary. Real money is a piece of metal coined by the authority of the state, and current at a certain price, by virtue of the said authority, or of its own intrinsic value. Imaginary money is a denomination used to express a sum of money of which there is no real species, as a livre in France, a pound in America, because there is no specie current, in this or that country, precisely the value of either of the sums. Par of Exchange is the intrinsic value of the money of one country compared with that of another country, as one pound sterling is equal to $4,444 cents; and a bill of £153 sterling at par, would be valued at $680 in the United States. Course of Exchange is the current or running price of exchange, which is sometimes above, and sometimes below par, varying according to the occurrences of trade, or demand for money. Thus when the course of exchange is 10 per cent. advance, or in favour of London, the £ sterling is valued at $4,888 cents, and a bill of £153 is worth $748; but if at 10 per cent. discount, the £ is then equal to $4, and the same bill is worth but $612. In the latter case, the exchange is in favour of this country, in the former against it. UNITED STATES. The money of account is the dollar of 100 cents. The standard quality of silver, on which the currency is based, is 10 oz. 14 dwts. 4,5 grs. fine in 12 ounces. An ounce of which is worth 115 cents. The weight of the dollar is 17 dwts, 8 grs. equal to 416 grs. 3 An ounce of standard gold is worth $17,71 cts. or 27 grs. for a dollar. When gold or silver is below standard, the expense of refining is from five to six cents per ounce. If silver is above standard, the alloy is paid for. The value of the precious metals can be ascertained and established in all cases, only by the Assayer of the Mint. In regulating the value of our own and foreign coins, our laws have fixed the value of one ounce of gold at fifteen of silver. But throughout commercial Europe, gold is valued with gold might be from five to ten per cent. above par. a bill payable in the gold coin of England, or in paper at par in dollars, might bring exactly the same amount in London, worth much more; and therefore, while a bill, bought here in London at $4,444, the commercial par, it is intrinsically that while the gold in which a bill of £100 sterling is payable other words, it is sold at a premium. Thence it appears, In this country it is worth more than the legal rate, or in both in commerce and by law, at a higher comparative value. the several Stocks were constituted, and the periods at which they are STATEMENT of the FUNDED DEBT of the United States, on the 1st of January, 1831; exhibiting also the dates of the Acts under which redeemable. [NATIONAL CALENDER. |13,296,397 59 5 pr.cent (subscription to Bank of the U. States) 5 pr. cent. 5 pr. cent. 5 pr. cent. (exchanged) Amount of the funded debt, 1st January, 1830, Add 3 per cent. stock, issued for interest on Revolutionary debt, Deduct payments, viz. The residue of the 6 per cent. stock, 15,994,064 11 Total, $39,082,461 88 6,440,556 17 5 per cent. stock, part of the subscription to Bank of the U. S. 3,000,000 00 Unfunded Debt, Jan. 1, 1830. Treasury Notes, Registered Debt, Mississippi Stock, $48,522,869 93 GREAT BRITAIN. The money of account is in pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings. The principal coins are the guinea and its parts, and the crown and its parts. The pound sterling or sovereign is to the United States dollar of 48. 6d. sterling, as The guinea of 21 shillings The crown of 5 The shilling Pence to cents 9 to 40 1 43 9 " 10 Gold S Sovereign Half sovereign of 10s. oz. dwt. grs. weighing 0 2 13,6+ 0.5 3,2+ 0 10 6,5 "" 20s. or £1 Double sovereign 40s. or £2 5 sovereign piece 100s. or £5 An ounce of standard gold, on which the 1 5 16,3+ currency is based, February 16. 2 The prices of British stocks, &c. are stated in the lists that 1 Signifies that £226 is given on that day for £100 bank stock. 2 Signifies that the value of £100 of this kind of stock soid on the day this price was quoted, for £63 5s, at the beginning of the market, and that it rose to £64 15, and left off at £64 10. 3 Signifies that the annual payment of these annuities was worth 16 years' purchase at the beginning, and left off at 16 years' purchase, at the close of the market. 4 Signifies that every £100 in exchequer bills bore a premium of 2 shillings at the beginning, which advanced to 3 shillings at the end of the day. 5 Signifies that every £100 of India bonds sold at first at 1 shilling premium, and afterwards sold at 2 shillings discount. 6 Signifies that omnium sold for a premium of £3 15. Consols are produced by above 400 millions of stock, in part formed by the consolidation of several stocks, bearing an interest of 3 per cent. When the word consols is indefinitely used, it is always understood to mean these annuities. The 4 per cents. are formed by a similar consolidation of 50 millions of government stocks. The reason, that the 3 per cents. reduced, when mentioned, are quoted higher than the 3 per cents. consols, is, that there is more interest due on the former than on the latter; that is, the half year's interest on the reduced, is due on Lady day, or 25th of March, but on the consols, not till midsummer. Omnium is a term denoting the different stocks formed by a loan, while any part of the loan remains unpaid. For example, suppose 50 millions of money are to be raised, and for every £100 in money are to be given £100 stock in 3 per cents. £50 stocks in the 4 per cents. and 6s. 3d. per cent. in the long annuities, payable in 1860: then if any person engage to advance £10,000 in money-upon paying the first instalment, (for the money is usually advanced at the rate of 10 per cent. per month, until the whole is paid) he will receive three receipts, which separately contain an engagement to tranfer to the person possessing them £10,000 stock in the 3 per cents. £5000 stock in the 4 per cents, and £31 10 stock in the long annuities, &c. upon the whole of the instalments being paid at or before the appointed time. While these three receipts are sold together, and before the whole of the instalments being paid, they are called omnium, as they are made up of all, or several of the stocks. Scrip is a term given to each of the omnium, when sold separately. When the stock created by any loan is formed, in only one sort of stock, there is, properly speaking, no omnium, though ther by a misnomer, the scrip receipt is called by that name 7 Shows that some persons had bought stock in anticipa |