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business at those places is done through the merchants of Smyrna. The Gulf of Salonica, the coast of Caramania, Satalia, and Syria, also export large quantities of grain; but Egypt is the chief granary of the East, whose harvests are scattered over all the Meditterranean. At all those places grain must invariably be purchased with cash, and for that purpose Spanish dollars are found to be most generally acceptable. In time of peace between Russia and Turkey, the Black Sea furnishes also immense supplies of grain; but if a vessel from that sea should be driven, either by stress of weather, necessity, or convenience, into a Turkish port, the bakers of the country may stop the cargo, by paying for it a price arbitrarily fixed by their own government; which is the case with hemp, and other articles from the Black Sea, which the Turks may, at any time, be likely to want. obviate this evil, vessels touching at ports often anchor without the castles which guard their entrance; while in town, the goods are easily sold, and transferred to European vessels.

To

RICE, which is an article of food in universal consumption throughout Turkey, arrives here chiefly from Egypt, and is sold for cash, by the kilo of ten okes, which is worth at present 6 piastres. Scarcely a meal is made, either by the Turks or Christian natives of Turkey, without a pilau or dish of boiled rice, which makes its consumption immense, and there is never a scarcity in the markets. Carolina and India rice are well known, but as they are not so much esteemed, they sell in general, about 10 per cent. less than the rice of Egypt.

ODESSA.

In

The commerce of Odessa employs many kinds of money, but all contracts and payments are made in Russian bank notes. The silver rouble has a value, varying according to the rate of paper money, if it may be thus expressed. 1817, the silver rouble was fixed at four roubles in bank notes. The Dutch ducat, the Spanish and Imperial dollar, and Turkish piastre, all experience variations in comparison with the paper rouble. This difference gives rise to an agio; and the foreign coins just mentioned, and silver roubles are sent to Petersburg, Moscow, Astracan, and invested in bank notes, which generally yield a profit.

Accounts are kept in roubles and copecs,

The Russian gold coins are Imperials of 10 roubles, and half Imperials of 5 roubles, which are seldom seen at Odessa. The silver coins are roubles of 100 copecs, half and quar

ter roubles, 15-copec pieces, 10 and 5-copec pieces.

In copper are 5, 2, and 1-copec pieces; denuschka or half copec pieces; polushka or quarter copec pieces. The copper copecs are used in retail, and are not a subject of speculation as silver roubles are.

The weights and measures of Odessa are like those of St. Petersburg.

3 Solotniks-1 Loth.

32 Loths or 96 Solotniks-1 pound Russia.
40 Pounds Russian-1poud or 36 lbs English.
63 Pouds-1 Ton English.

10 Pouds-1 Berquet.

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1 Quintal of Vienna and Constantinople 3 pouds 17 lbs. For the measure of wheat the Chetvert is used, which is 5,3 Winchester bushels, and 5 kilos of Constantinople. For liquids the Vedro is made use of, which contains 33 gallons English.

The measure for cloths, distances, &c. are the following: 16 Vershoks 1 Russian ell or arsheen, equal to 28 inches. 9 Arsheens are 7 yards English.

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1 Sashen is 3 arsheens, or 48 vershoks, 7 English feet. 1 Verst is 500 sashens, or 1500 arsheens, or 24000 vershoks, or 3500 feet.

Odessa enjoys equal advantages with other cities for the negotiation of bills of exchange, and from its situation the merchants will probably become bankers for St. Petersburg, Hamburg, and other places, for their operation with Turkey. There is an exchange between Odessa and Constantinople, Paris, Vienna, Breda, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and London. The exchange with the interior is generally made at par, but bank notes are usually sent by the post, and the government insure them for per cent. for 500 verstes, and 1 per cent. for any greater distance; a copec per solotnik, or of a hundred weight is also paid upon these notes for the use of Odessa.

CALCUTTA.

Accounts are kept in Rupees, Annas, and Pice.

Coins.-12 Pice make

16 Annas

16 Rupees

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Currency.-12 Current Pice make 1 Current Anna. 16 Current Annas 1 Current Rupee.

The East India Company's accounts were formerly kept in currency, but are now kept in siccas.

100 Sicca Rupees, equal to 116 Current Rupees.

100 Sonaut

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100 Arcot

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A Lac of Rupees is 1,00,000; and a Crore, 100 Lacs, or 1,00,00,000 Rupees; and in accounts, sums are distinguished into Crores, Lacs, and single Rupees, by marks or divisions, as in the preceding examples.

A current rupee is reckoned at 25. and a sicca rupee at 2s. 6d.

Small shells, called Cowries, used in paying coolies, &c. are reckoned as follows, viz.

4 Cowries make

20 Gundas

16 Puns

1 Gunda.

1 Pun.

1 Cahun.

4 Cahuns

1 Rupee.

This is the table in reckoning, but the price is generally from 4 to 6 cahuns and odd pice in the Bazar.

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How many Bazar Maunds in 676 M. 17 S. 9 Cks. F.

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NOTE. 1 Factory Maund is equal to 1 cwt. Eng.
Or 74+373 lb. =112 lb.

To reduce English weight to Factory Maunds.

RULE. For cwts. and quarters-Multiply the cwts. by 11 for Maunds, and take parts for the quarters, at 60 Seers per cwt. If the quantity be in pounds-Take half of the pounds for Seers, and add to it of the same half, and divide the sum of both by 40 for Maunds

EXAMPLE.

In 485 cwt. 3 qrs. how many Factory Maunds?

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Reduce 6789 lbs. Av. to Factory Maunas.

6789 lbs.

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A TABLE for reducing English weight to Factory Maunds, by inspection.

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Reduce 415 cwt. 3 qrs. 241 lbs. to Factory Maunds.

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22 20 0

15 0

0 12 13

= 0 0 42/

Ans. 623 38 2 Factory Weignt. What will 522m. 31s. 6 cks. of sugar come to at 5 rupees per Maund? Ans. rs. 2613 14 9. How much will 465 pieces of cloth come to at 23 rupees per corge? Ans. rs. 534 15 0. A. shipped $6000 in the Washington, for Calcutta, at 81 per cent. for frieght, and 21 per cent. for commission. On sales of the dollars there, at 207 sa. rupees per 100, required the net proceeds remaining for investment?

6000 dollars at 207 sa. rs. per 100 Freight at 8 per cent.

Commission at 2

Net proceeds remaining for investment

Sa. Rs. A. P. 12420 0 0

1055 11 2

310 8 0

11053 12 10

Proof, sa. rupees 12420 0 0

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