"The first thing is, to fix the engine in a good double furnace, so contrived that the flame of your fire may circu late round, and encompass your boilers, as you do coppers for brewing. Before you make any fire, unscrew G and N, being the two small guage pipes and cocks belonging to the two boilers, and at the holes fill L, the large boiler, twothirds full of water, and D, the small boiler, quite full. Then screw on the said pipes again as fast and as tight as possible. Then light the fire at B, and, when the water in L boils, open the cock of the first vessel P (shown in section) which makes all the steam rising from the water in L pass with irresistible force through O into P, pushing out all the air before it through the clack R; and when all is gone out, the bottom of the vessel P will be very hot; then shut the cock of the pipe of this vessel, and open the cock of the other vessel P, until that vessel has discharged its air through the clack R up the force pipe S. In the mean time, by the steam's condensing in the vessel P, a vacuum, or emptiness, is created, so that the water from the well must and will necessarily rise up through the sucking pipe T, lifting up the clack M, and filling the vessel P.

"In the mean time, the first vessel P being emptied of

its air, open the cock again, and the force is upon the surface of the water, and presses with an elastic quality like air, still increasing in elasticity or spring till it counterpoises, or rather exceeds, the weight of the water ascending in S, the pipe, out of which the water in it will be immediately discharged when once gotten to the top, which takes up some time to recover that power; which having once got, and being in work, it is easy for one that never saw the engine, after half an hour's experience, to keep a constant stream running out the full bore of the pipe. On the outside of the vessel you may see how the water goes out, as well as if the vessel were transparent; for as far as the steam continues within the vessel, so far is the vessel dry without, and so very hot, as scarce to endure the least touch of the hand. But as far as the water is, the said vessel will be cold and wet where any water has fallen on it, which cold and moisture vanishes as fast as the steam in its descent takes place of the water; but if you force all the water out, the steam, or a small part thereof, going through P, will rattle the clack, so as to give sufficient notice to change the cocks, and the steam will then begin to force upon the other vessel without the least alteration in the stream, only sometimes the stream of water will be somewhat stronger than before, if you change the cocks before any considerable quantity of steam be gone up the clack R: but it is better to let none of the steam go off, for that is losing so much strength, and is easily prevented, by altering the cocks some little time before the vessel is emptied."

The ingenious inventor goes on to explain minutely the ease with which his engine could be managed; however, we have quoted sufficient to shew clearly the mode of operation. He gives no proportions of the parts, nor is it probable that he himself established any rule, but principally erected his engines by a kind of mechanical tact, which he possessed in a wonderful degree. He seems to have considered that the strength of his machine was the only limit to be observed; "for," says he, "I will raise you water 500 or 1000 feet high, could you find us a way

to procure strength enough for such an immense weight as a pillar of water of that height; but my engine, at 60, 70, or 80 feet, raises a full bore of water with much ease."

Captain Savery's invention shews him to have been a man of extraordinary talent and ingenuity. The real benefit which it conferred upon society was not alone confined to the reduction of animal labour: it had the effect of enabling ingenious mechanics to direct their energies to a subject which had hitherto been a matter of mere philosophical speculation. It furnished material for study; and, though it was adopted with caution, and to a very limited extent by the mining districts, there can be no doubt but it was the means of sowing those seeds of talent which have since enabled this country to outstep every other in the superior manufacture of steam machinery.

The honourable fame which the invention obtained him could not be enjoyed without detraction. Envious contemporaries were busily engaged in endeavouring to injure, by false accusation, the character which Savery obtained. Desaguliers unequivocably asserts that Captain Savery merely put in practice the Marquis of Worcester's plan for raising water; and, the better to conceal the fact, bought up and burnt all the copies of Lord Worcester's Work on which he could lay his hands.

It has been very properly observed by Dr. Robinson, that such a charge ought to be substantiated by very distinct evidence. Now, as we have no evidence, excepting that of Dr. Desaguliers, we shall inquire as to the value which may be set on his. We shall go no further than quote his account of the origin of packing the piston of a steam engine. He states, that "having screwed a large broad piece of leather to the piston, which turned up the sides of the cylinder two or three inches, in working, it wore through, and cut that piece from the other, which, falling flat on the piston, wrought with its edge to the cylinder, and, having been in a long time, was worn very narrow; which being taken out, they had the happy discovery, whereby they found that a bridle rein, or even a soft thick piece of rope, going round, would make the piston air and water tight." On

which Hornblower remarks, that "we need not say any thing to the practical engineer about leathering a steam piston; nor is it necessary to comment on the Doctor's acquaintance with steam and leather in contact."

This extract we imagine will, by impugning the Doctor's veracity, completely set at rest the charge made against Captain Savery; but admitting, for the sake of argument, that he was even acquainted with the "Century of Inventions," we have already sufficiently shewn that it required a person to be intimately acquainted with the nature of steam, before he could even guess at the Marquis's project. All that could be gathered from his 68th article was, that water could somehow be raised by steam, by a certain undescribed arrangement of cocks, pipes, fire, and water. But we have, in Savery's Engine, a detail of the most perfect mechanism; besides which, it should be borne in mind that the Marquis states his engine does not operate by sucking up the water, whilst it is the essential requisite of Savery's apparatus.

We quitted Dr. Papin to detail the important results of Captain Savery's experiments, which were published in the interim between the commencement and conclusion of those of the ingenious Doctor, who, in 1698, we find still persevering in his project for raising water by steam, under the patronage of the Elector of Hesse. In 1705 he received from the celebrated philosopher, Leibnitz, (who had seen some of them in operation,) a drawing and description of Savery's engine. It is to be regretted that Papin ever received this communication, as it has been shewn that he had actually projected a plan, which, if carried into operation, would have constituted the Atmospheric Engine, invented by Newcomen. But, unfortunately, the success of Captain Savery diverted his mind from the superior project of forming a vacuum under a piston, and by the command of his patron, the elector, he set about to improve Savery's machine, which is universally allowed to be inferior in effect to the other. The talent of Papin, directed to the Atmospheric Engine, must have produced most important results, which, however, have been lost by the success of Captain Savery's machine.

The consequence of this course of experiment was the publication of a "New Method of raising Water by the force of Fire," dated at Cassel, 1707. He acknowledges that Savery had hit on another mode, without knowing his experiments. The following is a description of the machine.

A boiler a, made of copper, communicates by a pipe with a cylinder, i, which forms the body of the pump. This cylinder is attached to an upright pipe o q, which enters the cylinder r r, rising to within a short distance of its top. This latter cylinder is air tight, and has a pipe w, smaller in its bore than the pipe o q. The pipe between the boiler and cylinder has a stop cock at c. f is the safety valve which prevents the explosion of the boiler, by yielding to the force of the steam, and allowing it to escape when it exceeds a certain pressure, which is regulated by shifting the weight f on the lever. Within the cylinder is a piston or float, n, made of thin plates of metal, and loaded with the weight h, forming a part of a hollow cylinder, which floats on the surface of the water.