5. What is said of soda?

6. What is said of barilla and kelp?

8, 9, 10. Describe the process of making common brown or yellow soap?

11. In what manner is the soap cut into bars?

12, 13. What is said of the adulterations of soap? and in what manner may they be detected?

14. What is said of the manufacture of soft soap?

15. What is said of Marsailles white soap, Castile, and toilet soaps?

16. What is said of the manufacture of white soap?

17. In what manner is the mottled appearance of some soaps produced?

THE CANDLE MAKER. 1. Define the subject of the candle maker's labours,

3. What is said of the materials of which the wicks of candies are made?

4. In what manner are the wicks prepared?

5. In what manner is tallow separated from the membranous part of suet?

wicks? and in what manner is the application made? 9. Describe the process of making mould candles?

11. Describe the manner in which bees'-wax is whitened, or bleached?

12. From what animal is sper

cess by which spermaceti is separated from the oil.

16. What use is made of sperm-oil?

17. What is said of the origin of the art of making candles? 18. What is said of the lamps used in ancient times?

19. What is said of the tallow tree?

THE COMB-MAKER. 1. For what purposes is the comb used, and of what materials is it made?

2. What is said of the invention of the comb?

3. What is said of the different species of the turtle?

4. What is said of the use of the shell of the hawk's-bill turtle by the ancients?

5, 6. What is the general size of the hawk's-bill turtle? and on what part of the animal does the shell grow?

7, 8, 9. In making combs from the horns of cattle, what is done before the teeth are cut? and in what manner are the teeth

cut?

10. What is said of the twinning machine?

11. How are the combs polished?

12, 13. What colours are preferred? and in what manner are they produced?

14. How are the combs brought to the proper shape? 16. What is said of welding together pieces of shell? 17. What is said of carved work on combs?

THE BRUSH-MAKER. 1. What is said of the general use of brushes?

2. From what sources does the brush-maker obtain his stocks and handles?

3. In what does the first part of the process of brush-making consist?

4. Whence are the bristles obtained?

5. In what state are the bristles, when they come into the hands of the brush-maker?

6. In what manner are the bristles assorted into different lengths?

7. By what means are the bristles fastened into the stocks of the brushes?

9. For what purposes is a veneer applied to the back of the brush?

10. What part of the manufacture does the ornamenter perform?

1. What are the several denominations applied to houses of public entertainment?

2. Why is the business of the tavern-keeper one of great public utility?

3. What is said of the sustenance and protection of travellers in the early ages?

4. What is said of the hospitality of the ancients?

5. What precautions were observed by strangers among the

THE TAVERN-KEEPER.

Greeks, when one applied for lodging?

6, 7. What is said of arrangements for mutual accommodation among the ancients?

8. What is said of the hospitality of the middle ages?

9. What is said of the hospitality of the nobles of Europe in particular?

10. What circumstances led to the general establishment of inns?

11. At what period were inns established by law in Scotland?

12. What is said of legislative enactments as applied to this business?

13. What is said of the amount of travelling, and what of the taverns of the present century?

15. What is said of the tavernkeeper's license?

16, 17. What is said of temperance taverns?

Indians?

19. What is said of the prosecution of the fur-trade by a class of men in Missouri?

20. What is said of the effects of the warfare which has been carried on against the larger quadrupeds, and fur-clad animals of North America?

21, 22. What is said of the fur trade prosecuted on the northwest coast of America?

23. What animals are the chief objects of pursuit by the hunters of Siberia? What is said of the exiles and conquered tribes of Siberia ?

24. Where did the custom of wearing furs originate?

1. What is said of the use of fishes as food in the early ages? 2, 3. Where is found the earliest notice of the actual use of this class of animals?

4. At what time had fish become a regular article of diet in all parts subject to the Roman empire?

5. What methods of catching fish were pursued in ancient times?

6. What is said of the great variety of fish by Linnæus?

7. What is said of the supplying of towns and cities with fresh fish?

8. What is said of the different varieties of the herring?

9, 10. What is said of the winter residence of the herring, and what of its emigrations?

11. How far south do these fish proceed?

12 What is said of the young herring?

13, 14, 15. Where, and how are these fish caught?

16. How is this fish estimated in the Southern states?

17. By whom was this fish brought into notice?

18. What is said of the shad? 19. What is said of the char

THE FISHERMAN..

acter, numbers, and general utility of the mackerel ? 20. In what manner is this fish caught?

21. Why was this fish much esteemed by the Romans?

22. To what genus of fishes does the salmon belong? and where is it found?

23. What is said in regard to the attachment of the salmon to their native river, and to the spot for the annual deposit of their spawn?

25. By what means are salmon caught?

26. In what countries are salmon fisheries numerous ?

27. In what parts of Europe is the cod-fish found in the greatest abundance?

28. Where are the chief places of resort for this fish on the coasts of America?

29. What nations have acquired the right to catch and cure fish on the Grand Banks, and several other of the British possessions.

30. By what means are the fish caught on the Grand Banks? 31. In what manner they treated after having been caught?

are

32. How are the fish caught on the coast of Labrador, and at the other places mentioned?

33. What kind of seal is the most numerous and important?

34. On what accounts is this animal valuable?

36. What is said of a sealing voyage to the Antarctic ocean?

37, 38. What months of the year are best adapted for sealing in the Arctic ocean? In what manner are the seals caught? and how are the skin and blubber taken off and secured?

39. What is said of the different species of the whale?

40. Where is the mystecetus found?

41. On what principles are the vessels engaged in this fishery fitted out?

42. When do the whalers commence operations in the northern latitudes? and between what latitudes are the whales met with?

43. What is said of the preparations on the fishing stations for attacking the whale?

45. Describe the conduct of the fishermen in pursuit of a whale, and likewise that of the latter when pursued?

46, 47. What is the conduct of the whale after having been struck? and what of the men when fast to the animal?

48. What particular position is favourable to catching this animal? and what unfavourable?

49. Describe the manner in which the blubber is secured.

50. Describe the blubber. 51. What is said of the whalebone?

52. What is done with the

chunks of blubber before the whalers leave the fishing station?

53. In what manner is the oil separated from the fritters or fenks?

54. Where is the spermaceti cachalot found in the greatest numbers?

55, In what manner do the whalers proceed in catching this animal?

56. How much oil is obtained from a large cachalot?

57. What people first prosecuted the whale fishery?

58. What led to the discovery of the principal haunts of the whale? and where were these animals found in the greatest abundance?

59. What is said of the Dutch whale-fishery?

60. What is said of the English whale-fishery?

61, 62. What is said of the whale-fishery of the United States?

1 What is said of Noah's ark?

2. What is said of the progressive steps in navigation among the ancient Egyptians?

3. What is said of the use of the raft by the Phoenicians?

4. For what purposes were the first vessels constructed by the Phoenicians? and what was their shape?

5. What is said of the successive improvements of ships in ancient times? What was the approved length of a ship of war? and likewise that for mercantile purposes?

6. What is said of the mast, oars, rowers, and bow?

7. What is said of the size of vessels in ancient times?

8. What causes occasioned a retrogression, and, in some parts

THE SHIP-WRIGHT.

of Europe, nearly a total destruction of the art of building ships?

9. What circumstances occasioned a renewal of this art in the middle ages?

10. To what particular discovery is attributed the great change in the general construction of vessels

11. To what nations are we indebted for most of the improvements in ship-building?

12. What is said of the improvements made in the United States?

13. What is the first thing done towards building a vessel? 14. What kinds of timber are used in the United States?

15. What is said of the crooked sticks which form the sides of the vessel?

16. In what manner do the workmen proceed in fashioning the various parts of a vessel?

17. In what manner are the several parts of the frame put together?

18. What is said of applying and fastening on the planks? 19. What is said of the caulker and scraper?

20. What is said of sheathing the bottom of the vessel?

21. What are the immediate preparations for a launch?

22. When every thing has been made ready, what is done, to cause the vessel to glide into the water?

23. What is said of a launch in ancient times? and what of it in modern times?

24. What is said of equipping the vessel?

1. In what does the business of the mariner consist? and what does Horace say of the first seaman?

2. What is said of the advantages resulting to the world at large from this business?

4. What is said of the sailors of antiquity in regard to their dependence on the land?

THE MARINER.

5. What is said of the qualifications of a skilful pilot in ancient times?

6. What is said of the offering of sacrifices, and the observance of omens before undertaking a voyage?

7. What is said of the sailors who had escaped the multiplied dangers of the sea?

8. What is said of the present existence of similar customs in regard to ship-wrecked mariners?

9. What is said of the navigation of the Carthaginians?

10. What is said of the decline and revival of navigation?

11. What was the chief cause of the rapid advance in naviga†tion?

12. What is said of the manner of using the magnetic needle, until the year 1302?

14. To what nation is navigation indebted for many valuable improvements?

15, 16. What is said of the discovery of the New World by Columbus?

18. What instruments are now employed in navigation?

19, 20. For what purposes are the mariner's compass, the azimuth compass, the quadrant, the

sextant, the chronometer, the half-minute glass, the log, and the sounding line severally used? 21. What is meant by navigation proper? and what by navigation common?

22. What is said of the application of steam to the purposes of navigation?

23. What is the chief obstacle to the employment of steam in long voyages?

27. What is said of Greenwich Hospital?

28. What is said of the general character of seamen in every age of the world?

THE MERCHANT.

15. What more is said of the colonial system of the Phonicians?

16. What is said of the policy pursued by Carthage? and what of the three "Punic wars "?

17. At what period was Tyre in its most prosperous state? and when was it finally destroyed? 18. What is said of the city of Alexandria?

19. What is said of the prosecution of the plans of Alexander by Ptolemy?

20. What is said of the fleets of Ptolemy, and trade to India?

21. What is said of the Greeks, in regard to their attention to nautical affairs? and what of Corinth?

22. When did Rome become the great mart for the sale of merchandise? and what did the Romans give in return for it?

23. What more is said of the city of Rome?

12. What is said of Egypt as the emporium of commerce?

13. What is said of the Phonicians, and their chief cities, Tyre and Sidon?

14. What effect had the settlement of the Israelites, in the "Promised Land," on the Phonicians?

25. At what period did the invasions of the Roman empire commence? and what were their effects on commerce and the arts?

26. What is said of the continuance of trade in the Eastern empire?

27. What is said of the con

quest of the Saracens ? and their enjoyment of the eastern trade?

28. What is said of the prejudice of the Christians against the followers of Mohammed?

29. What European power first rose to commercial eminence?

30. What is said of the houses first built by the refugees?

31. When do we find the Venitians trading to Constantinople? and likewise at Alexandria? What cities rivalled Venice in the tenth century?

32. What is said of the Crusades?

33. Where did commerce and manufactures begin to command attention in the thirteenth century? What precautions were taken against robbers and banditti?

34. What is said of the Hanse Towns?

35. Where, and how often did the representatives of the league meet?

36. What were the objects of the league, as disclosed in the fourteenth century?

37. By what means was the treasury of the league supplied? 38. Why did the princes of Europe combine against the association? and when did they command their cities to withdraw from it?

39. How long did the trade to