reverence by succeeding generations of the craft, as poets feel on contemplating the tomb of Virgil, or soldiers the monument of a Marlborough or Turenne.— Washington Irving, Sketch Book.

Michael's (St.) Paternoster Royal, or, ST. MIchael's, College HILL, a church in Tower Royal [see Tower Royal] in Vintry Ward, rebuilt and made a collegiate church (hence College Hill) by the executors of Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor; destroyed in the Great Fire, and rebuilt under Sir C. Wren 1677-1678. It is a large well-built structure, the special work of Edward Strong, master-mason. The interior, 67 feet long, 47 wide and 38 high, is lighted by eight tall windows, and enriched with some of Grinling Gibbons's fine carvings. The steeple is 128 feet 3 inches high to the top of the pedestal on it. In 1866 the church was "restored, and the interior wholly rearranged" by Mr. W. Butterfield. At the same time a painted glass window was erected as a memorial of Whittington; and the organ, built by Renatus Harris for Whitehall and removed to this church about 1780, was enlarged and improved by Gray and Davison. The altar-piece, Mary Magdalen anointing the feet of Christ, was painted by W. Hilton, R.A., and presented to the church by the directors of the British Institution in 1820.

Richard Whittington was in this church three times buried: first by his executors under a fair monument; then, in the reign of Edward VI., the parson of that church, thinking some great riches (as he said) to be buried with him, caused his monument to be broken, his body to be spoiled of his leaden sheet, and again the second time to be buried; and, in the reign of Queen Mary, the parishioners were forced to take him up, to lap him in lead as before, to bury him the third time, and to place his monument, or the like, over him again, which remaineth, and so he resteth.-Stow, p. 91.

John Cleveland, the unsparing satirist of the Parliamentary party in the time of the great Civil War, was buried in this church in the year 1658.1 It serves as well for St. Martin's, Vintry, and the right of presentation belongs, alternately, to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury for St. Michael's, and the Bishop of London for St. Martin's.

Michael's (St.) Queenhithe, a church in Upper Thames Street, in the ward of Queenhithe, destroyed in the Great Fire, and rebuilt under Sir C. Wren in 1677. This church, which stood on the north side of Thames Street, between Little Trinity Lane and Huggin Lane, was condemned under the provisions of the Union of City Benefices Act and the parish united to that of St. James Garlickhithe. The last services were held in the church in December 1875; the building was dismantled and the materials sold by auction in September 1876, and shortly afterwards cleared away. It was a good plain building, with a tower and spire 135 feet high to the top of the vane. This vane, in the form of a ship, was capable of containing a bushel of grain, the great article of traffic still at Queenhithe, opposite to which the church

1 Aubrey says that Cleveland was buried in St. Andrew's, Holborn; but the contemporary authorities agree that his body was removed from

Hunsdon House to St. Michael's-at that time a popular place with devout loyalists.

stood. There was some good carving, attributed to Grinling Gibbons, over a doorway at the east end of the church.

Michael (St.) le Querne, AD BLADUM, or, AT THE CORNE, a church in the ward of Farringdon Within.

St. Michael ad Bladum, or at the Corne (corruptly at the Querne), so called because in place thereof was sometime a corn market, stretching by west to the shambles. at the east end of this church stood a cross, called the Old Cross in West Cheape, which was taken down in the year 1390. In place of the old cross is now a Water Conduit placed . . . called the Little Conduit, in West Cheape, by Paule's Gate. -Stow, p. 128.

...

St. Michael in the Quern, at the upper end of Cheapside, was built from the foundation of free stone, and the pulpit, pewes and galleries all made new in the year 1638, and the Cundit adjoyning unto it began to be built from the foundation with free stone in the year 1643 in the maioralty of Sir John Wollestonne, grocer, and was finished in the year 1644 in the maioralty of Thomas Atkins, mercer.-Notes on London Churches 1631-1658; Harrison's England, vol. ii. p. 205 (New Shakspere Society).

It stood in the High Street of Cheapside, at the extreme east end of Paternoster Row, was destroyed in the Great Fire, and not rebuilt. Leland, the antiquary, was buried in this church; and Sir Thomas Browne, author of Religio Medici, whose father was a merchant in the parish, was baptized in it. The church of the parish is St. Vedast's, Foster Lane.

Michael's (St.), WOOD STREET, at the Corner of Huggin Lane, a church in Cripplegate Ward, destroyed in the Great Fire, and rebuilt under Sir C. Wren in 1673. It is of stone, with a porch and four windows on the south; the north side is unlighted. At the east end four Ionic columns support a pediment, beneath which is a circular window. The tower, 130 feet high, is crowned by a mean spire, a modern substitute for the turret of Wren's erection. The interior is 62 feet long, 40 wide and 30 high. It serves also for the parish of St. Mary Staining. The head of James IV. of Scotland was, it is said, buried in this church; but whether the head so buried was really that of the Scottish King is very doubtful.

There is also (but without any outward monument) the head of James, the fourth King of Scots of that name, slain at Flodden Field, and buried here by this occasion: after the battle the body of the said King being found, was enclosed in lead, and conveyed from thence to London, and so to the Monastery of Shene in Surrey, where it remained for a time, in what order I am not certain; but since the dissolution of that house in the reign of Edward VI., Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, being lodged and keeping house there, I have been shewn the same body so lapped in lead, close to the head and body, thrown into a waste room amongst the old timber, lead, and other rubble. Since the which time, workmen there, for their foolish pleasure, hewed off his head; and Launcelot Young, master glazier to her Majesty, feeling a sweet savour to come from thence, and seeing the same dried from all moisture, and yet the form remaining, with the hair of the head, and beard

1 A curious view of this church, with the Little Conduit and the surrounding buildings, is en

graved in Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata, from

a drawing, signed "R. Tresswell, 1585."

red, brought it to London to his house in Wood Street, where for a time he kept it for the sweetness, but in the end caused the sexton of that church to bury it amongst other bones taken out of their charnel, etc.-Stow, p. 112.

The church was renovated in 1888 when the high pews were abolished.

Middle Exchange, in the STRAND, a kind of New Exchange, but considerably smaller. It stood (hence the name) between the Royal Exchange and the New Exchange, on part of old Salisbury House, and is rated for the first time in the parish books of St. Martin's in the year 1672.

Middle Row, HOLBORN, an insulated row of houses in Holborn, abutting upon Holborn Bars, and nearly opposite Gray's Inn Road.

Middle Row, so called as being a parcel of buildings raised up in the middle of the street, next the Bars, and reacheth to the King's Head Tavern, but more to the southward of the street, making but a narrow passage betwixt the houses on the south side, and this Middle Row; which said passage hath a freestone pavement, and is a place of a very good trade for retailers, as comb makers, cutlers, brokers, etc.-Strype, B. iii. p. 252.

Middle Row narrowed Holborn at this point, and as it became most inconvenient for carriage traffic and for foot passengers, it was decided to remove it as an obstruction; its demolition was begun on the last day of August 1867, and the roadway over it was opened in the following December. The removal cost £61,000.

Middle Temple. [See Temple.]

Middle Temple Lane, a narrow lane leading from Fleet Street to the Thames. Elias Ashmole, the antiquary, had chambers in this lane. On January 26, 1679, a fire began in the next chamber to Ashmole's, in which he lost the library he had been thirty-three years collecting, 9000 coins, ancient and modern, and "all his vast repository of seals, charters, and other antiquities." His invaluable collection of manuscripts was fortunately at his house at Lambeth.

Middlesex Hospital, MORTIMER STREET, a hospital for the reception and gratuitous treatment of sick, lame, and cancer patients, originated, in the year 1745, in the benevolent exertions of a few individuals. The hospital consisted at first of a building in Windmill Street, Tottenham Court Road, but soon a convenient site was found in the Marylebone Fields, and a lease of 999 years was obtained from Mr. Charles Berners. The building, after the design of J. Paine, architect, was commenced, the first stone being laid, May 18, 1755. The building of the wings was not complete until 1775. Enlargements were made in 1800, 1815, 1834, 1848, and 1859. In the Jacobites Journal, May 14, 1748, Fielding records that a man, thrown from a cart near St. Giles's Pound, had his arm amputated "at the Middlesex Hospital in the road from St. Giles' Church to Hampstead." The hospital was incorporated in 1836 and enlarged in 1848. Originally the funds could only support eighteen beds, but means increasing, in 1800

70 were made up; in 1815, 179; in 1824, 200; and in 1845 (the first centenary), 250. In 1747 a ward was opened for the reception of lying-in married women; but since 1807 the midwifery patients have been attended at their own homes. There are three wards devoted to the treatment of females suffering from cancer, named respectively "Whitbread, Stafford, and Laggan," after the benefactors; the first being endowed in 1792 by Samuel Whitbread. This charity is said to be unique throughout the world. "Sir John Murray's Ward" (so called from a legacy of £10,000 left for the purpose by Lady Murray) was erected in 1848 from the designs of Mr. T. H. Wyatt, architect. Large additions to the hospital have been made during the last few years, which occupy a portion of the west side of Cleveland Street. The Medical Hospital College, at the corner of Union Street, was opened in 1887 by Sir Reginald Hanson, Lord Mayor. Upwards of 2000 in-patients, and 27,000 out-patients are now treated annually. Sir Charles Bell was elected one of the surgeons in 1813, and took the greatest pride and interest in the institution. He writes (June 29, 1835): "We have founded a School in the Garden of the Middlesex Hospital. The building will be a complete little thingtheatre, museum, clinical class-room, and dissecting room. I promise to the extent of sixty lectures. . . . The building will cost £2400." This was the foundation of the present flourishing School of Medicine. Another eminent surgeon, Sir Erasmus Wilson, has written a history of the Middlesex Hospital during its first century of existence. Townsend, the most renowned of Bow Street officers (d. 1832), was born in this hospital. A subscription of 3 guineas constitutes an annual governor; 30 guineas a governor for life.

"1

Midland Railway Terminus, ST. PANCRAS, Euston Road, immediately west of the Great Northern Terminus at King's Cross. The Midland Railway Company having in 1863 obtained powers to extend their main line from Bedford to London and to construct a terminus and hotel at St. Pancras, after the necessary surveys had been made, commissioned their engineer, Mr. W. H. Barlow, C.E., to design the terminus, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) Gilbert Scott the architectural frontage. Scott completed his design in 1865, Mr. Barlow having already prepared his for an immense platform with a pointed arch roof. The works were steadily carried forward, but so vast was the scale that the building was only partially ready for occupation when opened in 1871. The building, which is of a deep red brick with stone dressings, is Gothic, of a French type; the front, facing the Euston Road, is 500 feet long and 80 feet high to the spring of the roof, divided into four floors, without reckoning those in the lofty Mansard roof. At the south-east angle is a massive clock-tower, 270 feet high; in the centre a tower, 200 feet high, and at the south-west angle one of a different form and less magnitude. The depth of the building to the railway

1 Memoirs of Sir C. Bell, p. 341.

platform is about 80 feet. Altogether it occupies an area of about 2500 square yards, and in size and magnificence far exceeds any building of the kind yet erected. The interior serves for the offices of the Company and the Midland Hotel. The latter portion is sumptuous in scale and fittings. The principal public room is 100 feet long, 26 feet wide and 26 high, and richly furnished, and the drawing and other rooms correspond in character. The platform behind the hotel, the terminus proper, is of commensurate grandeur. The pointed roof which covers it is 700 feet long and 240 feet in span, the arches springing at a height of 100 feet from the platform, and being 150 high at the apex, the vast intermediate space being unbroken by columns, ties, or braces. Each of the twenty-five ribs of the roof weighs 50 tons. The floor of the station is borne on plate girders, which are supported on 690 cast-iron columns. Beneath the station are two floors of stores for pale ale and other heavy goods brought to London by the railway. The Midland Railway formed in 1844 by the union of the Midland Counties, North Midland, and Birmingham and Derby Companies, had then a total length of 124 miles; it has now 1225 miles in operation. The St. Pancras terminus and goods station occupy together the site of Agar Town and a portion of Somers Town, the houses of which were cleared away to make room for the railway works.

Mildred's (St.), BREAD STREET, east side, the corner of Cannon Street, a church in Bread Street Ward, destroyed in the Great Fire, and rebuilt 1663 under Sir C. Wren. The body of the church is of brick, but the west end towards Bread Street is of Portland stone, Italian in style, with a large round-arched window, under a circular pediment of somewhat singular design. The interior, 62 feet long, 36 wide and 40 feet high, and divided into nave and aisles, is good, and in point of construction deserves a careful examination by the architectural student. The pulpit and sounding board are perhaps by Grinling Gibbons. It serves as well for the parish of St. Margaret Moyses, and the right of presentation belongs, alternately, to the representatives of Mr. Storketh for St. Margaret's, and the Lord Chancellor for St. Mildred's. The body of Sir Nicholas Crispe, who "first settled the trade of gold from Guinea and there built the Castle of Cormantine," was buried in this church in 1666, but his heart was placed in an urn in front of and below a bust of Charles I. in Hammersmith Church.1 He gave large sums to Charles I. in his necessities, and was one of the most active agents in bringing about the restoration of Charles II., by whom he was made a baronet. Hugh Oldham, afterwards Bishop of Exeter, and founder of Manchester Grammar School, was admitted rector in 1485.2 The patronage of this living was formerly vested in the Prior of St. Mary Overy, and there is a letter extant in which Henry VI. directs that "consideryng the great cunyng, vertues, and 2 Cooper, Ath. Cant., vol. i. p. 21.

1 See Thorne, Hand-Book to Environs, p. 274.