(2.) In 5467. 19s. 6d. sterling how many silver dollars; exchange at 49 copper dollars per pound sterling?

Ans. 9025 silv. doll. 11 run. 5 pen.

(3.) In 6741. 11s. 6d. sterling how many marcs, &c.; exchange 48 copper dollars per pound sterling?

Ans. 43172 marcs, 6 st. 9 pen. (4.) In 11676 silver doll. 18 run. 7 pen. how many pounds sterling; exchange 49 copper dollars per pound sterling? Ans. 7147. 17s. 41d.

(5.) In 1117. 5s. 24d. sterling how many Swedish rixdollars; exchange 35s. 7d. Flemish per pound sterling, 106 Amsterdam rix-dollars current for 100 Swedish rix-dollars, and agio 33. Ans. 465 Swedish rix-doll.

IRELAND.

Accounts are kept in Ireland in pounds, shillings, and pence Irish, divided as in England.

The par of 1s. in English in 1s. 1d. Irish; and therefore 1007. English is 108l. 6s. 8d. Irish. But the course of exchange varies from 6 to 20 per cent.

EXAMPLES.

(1.) London remits to Ireland 7877. 15s. sterling; how much Irish must London be credited, exchange at 10 per cent.?

(2.) Ireland remits to London 8791. 6s. 6d. Irish; how much sterling must Ireland be credited for, exchange 119 per cent.? Ans. 7871. 14s. 114d. (3.) London remits to Ireland 5407. 10s. sterling; how much Irish must London be credited for, exchange 12 per cent.? Ans. 6051. 7s. 24d.

AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

In North America and the West Indies accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence, as in England.

But as there are here but few coins, they are obliged to substitute a paper currency for carrying on their trade; which, being subject to many casualties, suffers a great discount in its negotiation.

EXAMPLES.

(1.) Reduce 15751. 14s. 9d. West India currency to pounds sterling; exchange being 35 per cent.

1357. 1007. :: 1575l. 14s. 9d.

100 cents 1 dollar.

1 dollar=about 4s. 1d. sterling.

But the fixed exchange value of the dollar at par is 4s. 6d. sterling or currency. Sterling often bears a premium upon this of about 10 per cent., 100%. sterling being worth 1107. United States' money at 4s. 6d. per dollar.

M

EXAMPLES.

(1.) Exchange 1007. sterling into United States' dollars at par, and also at 10l. per cent.

(2.) A merchant in the West Indies is indebted to a merchant in London 575l. 19s. 6d. sterling; with how much currency must he be credited in the West Indies, when the exchange is 33 per cent.? Ans. 7671. 19s. 4d.

(3.) A merchant of London consigns to the West Indies goods amounting to 578/. 19s. 6d., which are sold for 8471. 15s 6d. currency; what sterling ought the factor to remit, deducting 5 per cent. for commission and charges, and what does London gain per cent. upon the adventure, supposing the exchange at 30 per cent.? Ans. 71. Os. 1d.

Arbitration of Exchanges.

ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE is a method of finding such a rate of exchange between any two places, as shall be in proportion with the rates assigned between each of them and a third piace; it being, by comparing the par of exchange, thus found, with the present course of exchange, that a person can judge which way to remit or draw his money to the most advantage, and what the advantage shall be.

All questions in this rule may be performed by one or more operations in the Rule of Three, or by Compound Proportion.

EXAMPLES.

(1.) If the exchange between London and Amsterdam be 33s. 9d. per pound sterling, and the exchange between London and Paris be 32d. per écu; what is the par of arbitration between Amsterdam and Paris?

(2.) Amsterdam changes on London at 34s. 4d. per pound sterling, and on Lisbon at 52d. Flemish for 400 reis; what ought the exchange to be between London and Lisbon ?

Ans. 7575d. sterling per milreis. (3.) London exchanges on Amsterdam at 34s. 9d. per pound sterling, and on Lisbon at 5s. 5ğd. per milreis; what is the arbitrated price between Amsterdam and Lisbon?

Ans. 453 Flem. per crusado.

(4.) London is indebted to Petersburgh 5000 rubles: now the exchange between Petersburgh and England is at 50d. per ruble; between Petersburgh and Holland 90d. per ruble; and between Holland and England 36s. 4d.; which will be the most advantageous method for London to be drawn upon? Ans. London will gain 91. 11s. 13d. by making payment by way of Holland.

(5.) Amsterdam has an order to remit a certain sum to Cadiz and at the time of this order been given Amsterdam can remit to Cadiz at 94ąd. per ducat of 375 maravedis, and London can remit to Cadiz at 38d. per piastre of 272 maravedis; which then will be most advantageous, for Amsterdam

to remit directly to Cadiz, or by way of London, exchange being 35s. 10d. per pound sterling?

Ans. 18s. 84d. per cent. in favour of London. (6.) A merchant of London has 6000 guilders in the Bank of Amsterdam, and was offered 22d. sterling a piece for them; but not liking the offer, he indorsed a bill for the whole to his factor in Paris, who brought the money to France, by exchanging at 55d. Flemish per crown; he allowed the factor per cent. commission for his trouble, and then drew upon him for the whole exchange at 32d. per écu; how much was this better than the offer at 22d. per guilder? Ans. 28l. 18s. 24d.

Miscellaneous Questions.

(1.) A. was born when B. was 18 years of age; how old will A. be when B. is 41, and what will be the age of B. when A. is 72? Ans. A. 23, B. 90. (2.) How many bricks, 9 inches long and 4 inches broad, will floor a square room that is 20 feet on each side?

Ans. 1600. (3.) What sum of money, at 3 per cent., will clear 381. 10s. in a year and a quarter's time?

Ans. 8801.

(4.) If 2 acres of land will maintain 3 horses for 4 days, how long will 5 acres of the same pasture maintain six horses? Ans. 5 days.

(5.) If 37. be taken off from every 177. in assessing the rent of a farm, what will the landlord receive out of an estate of 1407. a year, reckoning the tax at 4s. in the pound?

Ans. 1167. 18s. 93d. (6.) What annuity is sufficient to pay off a debt of 20000l. in 30 years, at 4 per cent. per annum, compound interest? Ans. 11567. 12s. (7.) When will the hour and minute hand of a clock be perpendicular to each other next after 12 o'clock?

Ans. 16 minutes past 12 o'clock. (8.) If by selling goods at 2s. 3d. per lb. I clear cent. per cent., what shall I clear per cent. by selling them for 9 guineas per cwt.? Ans. 50l. per cent. (9.) Sold a piece of cloth, containing 1000 Flemish ells, for