same, except such parts as may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the request of onefifth of the members present, be entered on the journal. Any member of either House shall have liberty to dissent from and protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal. 13. In all elections by either or both Houses, the votes shall be given viva voce; and all votes on nominations made to the Senate shall be taken by yeas and nays, and published with the journal of its proceedings. 14. The doors of each House shall be open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy; neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that where the Legislature may then be in session. 15. Any bill may originate in either House of the Legislature. 16. Every bill passed by the Legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor; if he approve he shall sign it; but, if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter their objections at large upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by whom it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved also by two-thirds of all the members present in that House, it shall become a law; but, in such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House, repectively. And if any bill be not returned by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law. 17. Every resolution to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, except in cases of adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be proceeded upon in the same manner as in the case of a bill. 18. The members of the Legislature shall receive for their services a compensation to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the public treasury; but no increase of the compensation shall take effect during the term for which the members of either House shall have been elected; and such compensation shall never exceed three dollars a day. 19. No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment from the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature, during the term for which he is elected. 20. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in the Senate and House of Representatives. 21. The Legislature shall meet on the first Monday in January in every year, and at no other period, unless otherwise directed by law, or provided for in this constitution. 22. The style of the laws of this State shall be: Be it enacted by the Se rate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. ARTICLE V. Executive Department. 1. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for two years; and a Lieutenant Governor shall be chosen at the same time, and for the same term. 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor, who shall not have been five years a citizen of the United States, and a resident of this State two years next preceding the election. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected by the electors at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. The persons having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected; but in case two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, the Legislature shall, by joint vote, choose one of the said persons, so having an equal and the highest number of votes, for Governor or Lieutenant Governor. 4. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of Government. by the returning officers, directed to the President of the Senate, who shall open and publish them in the presence of the members of both Houses, 5. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, and of the army and navy of this State. 6. IIe shall transact all executive business with the officers of Government, civil and military; and may require information, in writing, from the officers in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. 7. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 8. He shall have power to convene the Legislature on extraordinary occasions. He shall communicate, by message, to the Legislature, at every session, the condition of the State, and recommend such matters to them as he shall deem expedient. 9. He shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper, in case of a disagreement between the two Houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, but not to a period beyond the next annual meeting. 10. He may direct the Legislature to meet at some other place than the seat of Government, if that shall become, after its adjournment, dangerous from a common enemy or a contagious disease. 11. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction, except in cases of impeachment. 12. When any office, the appointment to which is vested in the Governor and Senate or in the Legislature, becomes vacant during the recess of the Legislature, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the succeeding session of the Legislature. 13. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office, death, resignation, or absence from the State, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor until such disability shall cease, or the vacancy be filled. 14. If, during the vacancy of the office of Governor, the Lieutenant Governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, or be absent from the State, the President of the Senate pro tempore shall act as Governor until the vacancy be filled. 15. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be President of the Senate; in Committee of the Whole, he may debate on all questions; and, when there is an equal division, he shall give the casting vote. 16. No member of Congress, nor any other person holding office under the United States or this State, shall execute the office of Governor. 17. Whenever the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor becomes vacant, the persons exercising the powers of Governor for the time being, shall give notice thereof, and the electors shall, at the next succeeding annual election for members of the Legislature, choose a person to fill such vacancy. 18. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the term for which he has been elected. 19. The Lieutenant Governor, except when acting as Governor, and the President of the Senate pro tempore, shall each receive the same compensation as shall be allowed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 20. A great seal for the State shall be provided by the Governor, which shall contain the device and inscriptions represented and described in the papers relating thereto, signed by the president of the convention, and deposited in the office of the Secretary of the Territory. It shall be kept by the Secretary of State; and all official acts of the Governor, his approbation of the laws excepted, shall be thereby authenticated. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Michigan. ARTICLE VI. Judicial Department. 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such other courts as the Legislature may from time to time establish. 2. The judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices for the term of seven years; they shall be nominated, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed, by the Governor. They shall receive an adequate compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. But they shall receive no fees nor perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under the authority of this State or of the United States. 3. A court of probate shall be established in each of the organized counties. 4. Judges of all county courts, associate judges of circuit courts, and judges of probate, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the county in which they reside, and shall hold their offices for four years. 5. The Supreme Court shall appoint their clerk or clerks; and the electors of each county shall elect a clerk, to be denominated a county clerk, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and shall perform the duties of clerk to all the courts of record to be held in each county, except the Supreme Court and court of probate. 6. Each township may elect four justices of the peace, who shall hold their offices for four years, and whose powers and duties shall be defined and regulated by law. At their first election they shall be classed and divided by lot into numbers one, two three, and four, to be determined in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, so that one justice shall be annually elected in each township thereafter. A removal of any justice from the township in which he was elected shall vacate his office. In all incorporated towns or cities it shall be competent for the Legislature to increase the number of justices. 7. The style of all process shall be "In the name of the people of the State of Michigan," and all indictments shall conclude, "against the peace and dignity of the same." ARTICLE VII. Certain State and County Officers. 1. There shall be a Secretary of State, who shall hold his office for two years, and who shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall keep a fair record of the official acts of the legislative and executive departments of the Government; and shall, when required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature; and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law. 2. A State Treasurer shall be appointed by a joint vote of the two Houses of the Legislature, and shall hold his office for the term of two years. 3. There shall be an Auditor General and an Attorney General for the State, and a prosecuting attorney for each of the respective counties, who shall hold their offices for two years, and who shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. 4. There shall be a sheriff, a county treasurer, and one or more coroners, a register of deeds, and a county surveyor, chosen by the electors in each of the several counties once in every two years, and as often as vacancies shall happen. The sheriff shall hold no other office, and shall not be capable of holding the office of sheriff longer than four in any term of six years; he may be required by law to renew his security from time to time, and, in default of giving such security, his office shall be deemed vacant; but the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the sheriff. ARTICLE VIII. Impeachments and removals from office. 1. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching all civil officers of the State for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misdemeanors; but a majority of all the members elected shall be necessary to direct an impeachment. 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When the Governor or Lieutenant Governor shall be tried, the chief justice of the Supreme Court shall preside. Before the trial of an impeachment, the members of the court shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question according to the evidence; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office; but the party convicted shall be liable to indictment and punishment according to law. 3. For any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for the impeachment of the judges of any of the courts, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature; but the cause or causes for which such removal may be required shall be stated at length in the address. 4. The Legislature shall provide by law for the removal of justices of the peace and other county and township officers, in such manner and for such cause as to them shall seem just and proper. ARTICLE IX. Militia. 1. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplining the militia in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the constitution and laws of the United States. 2. The Legislature shall provide for the efficient discipline of the officers. commissioned and non-commissioned, and musicians, and may provide by law for the organization and discipline of volunteer companies. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed in such manner as the Legislature shall from time to time direct, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. 4. The Governor shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. ARTICLE X. Education. 1. The Governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislature in joint vote, shall appoint, a superintendent of 'public instruction, who shall hold his office for two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. 2. The Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement. The preceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of schools, which shall hereafter be sold or disposed of, shall be and remain a perpetual fund; the interest of which, together with the rents of all such unsold lands, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of schools throughout the State. 3. The Legislature shall provide for a system of common schools, by which a school shall be kept up and supported in each school district at least three months in every year; and any school district neglecting to keep up and support such a school, may be deprived of its equal proportion of the interest of the public fund. 4. As soon as the circumstances of the State will permit, the Legislature shall provide for the establishment of libraries, one at least in each town |