The Gerund is that part of the verb that terminates in ando in the verbs of the first conjugation, and in iendo in those of the second and third; as, publicando, (publishing,) from publicar; prometiendo, (promising,) from prometer; asistiendo, (assisting,) from asistir. It does not admit any change of gender or number. It is translated by the English present participle, and conjugated with the verb estar, (to be ;) as, Anastasia is reading, and Maria Ann | Anastasia está leyendo, y Maria is playing on the piano. Ana está tocando el piano. It is used also absolutely; as, By practising virtue thou wilt be Practicando la virtud, serás feliz. happy In such cases it may be expressed by the corresponding tense of its verb, and even by the noun derived from it; as, Columbus discovered the new world, Reinando Isabel, la Católica, y bajo in the reign of Isabella, the Catholic, and under her auspices. sus auspicios, Colon descubrió el Nuevo Mundo, (or cuando reinaba Isabel, or en el reinado de Isabel.) PARTICIPLE. The passive or past participle terminates in ado in the first conjugation, and in ido in the second and third. It changes its termination according to the number and gender of the person it refers to; except when it follows immediately after the verb haber, or any other auxiliary, in which case it does not admit of any change. All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs Their compounds have the same irregularity. Obs. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener, do not admit any variation. The first and the last had it formerly. VERBS THAT HAVE TWO PARTICIPLES. There are some verbs that have two passive participles, the one regular and the other irregular. They are contained in the following list, in which, for brevity's sake, the irregular participle only is expressed. The regular participles of these verbs are used to form the compound tenses with haber; as, He has awaked early. | El ha dispertado temprano. The irregular participles are used as verbal adjectives, and with the verbe ser, &c., and do not form compound tenses with haber; excepting preso, prescrito, provisto, roto, and a few others; as, He is early awaked. El está despierto temprano. ADVERBS. Adverbs are formed from adjectives of one termination by adding to them mente; as, dulce, dulcemente: and from those of two terminations by adding mente to the feminine; as, gracioso, graciosamente. They admit the superlative; as, graciosísimamente. When two or more adverbs ending in ly occur in the same sentence, the termination mente is added to the last only; as, He speaks elegantly and correctly. | El habla correcta y elegantemente. The following prepositions require de after them, when they are followed 1E is used instead of y when the following word begins with i or hi; as, Wise men and ignorant. Mother and daughter. Sabios é ignorantes. Madre é hija. • Neither he nor she went out, ni él ni ella saliéron, 458 DISJUNCTIVE. If, But, But, mas, pero. Provided, Even, Although, though, aunque. CONDITIONAL si. sino. con tal que. Sá ménos de. RULES TO TRANSLATE MANY OF THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH WORDS HAVING THE SAME GREEK OR LATIN ORIGIN. 1. Words in a, e, al, ar, ble, ion, sion, sis, are the same in both languages; as, diploma, epitome, vital, solar, durable, opinion, adhesion. analysis. 2. Words in ant, ent, ient, add an e; as, observant, observante; regent, regente; obedient, obediente. 3. Words in ect, ic, id, il, add an o; as, select, selecto; critic, critico; placid, plácido; tranquil, tranquilo. 4. Words in ance or ancy change it into ancia; and those in ence or ency into encia; as, tolerance, tolerancia; constancy, prudence, adolescency. 5. Words in acy, amy, emy, logy, ody, omy, ory, asy, esy, change the g 1 U is employed instead of ó, when the word immediately following it begins with o or ho; as, |