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RULE 11. The article is omitted before nouns used in apposition; as,

O Envy, the root of all evils, and the destroyer of so many virtues!

¡O Envidia, raiz de infinitos males

y carcoma de las virtudes! DON QUIJOTE, cap. viii. pt. ii.

RULE 12. The definite masculine article, singular or plural, is used be fore the adjectives taken substantively; as,

The wise man feareth and declineth

from evil.

El sabio teme y se desvía del mal.

The expectation of the wicked shall La esperanza de los impios perecerá. perish.

Obs. 8. When a noun, qualified by an adjective, is suppressed by ellipsis, the article that precedes the adjective must agree in number and gender with the noun that has been omitted; as,

Black and white are two opposite | El negro y el blanco son dos colores colors. opuestos.

That is, el color negro y el color blanco.

RULE 13. The English definite article before adjectives used in an absolute sense, that is to say, comprehending in their meaning a generality of objects or things that may be masculine or feminine, singular or plural, is translated by the indefinite pronoun Lo; (344,) as,

Let no man judge the white black, | Ninguno se ponga á juzgar lo blanco

and the black white.

por negro, y lo negro por blanco. DON QUIJOTE, cap. iv. p. ii.

RULE 14. When the adjective todo (all, or whole) is placed before the substantive, it requires the article after it, whether it be expressed or not in English; as,

All men, or all the men.

The whole assembly.

Todos los hombres.

Toda la asamblea.

REMARK. The meaning of many phrases depends on the use or omission of the article. A few examples may elucidate this remark.

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OF THE NOUN AND THE ADJECTIVE.

RULE 15.-The adjective must agree with the substantive in gender and

number; as,

The valiant boy.

The handsome girls.

El muchacho valiente.

Las muchachas hermosas.

Obs. 9. An adjective qualifying two or more nouns or pronouns of different genders, in the singular, agrees with them in the masculine termination in the plural; as,

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The house and the garden are mag- | La casa y el jardin son magníficos. nificent.

Obs. 10. Two or more adjectives qualifying a plural noun, which signifies them as separately considered, agree with it in the singular; as,

She is unexcelled by Helen, unri- | A ella no la llega Elena, ni la alvalled by Lucretia, or any other heroine of ages past, whether Grecian, Roman, or Barbarian.

canza Lucrecia, ni otra alguna de las famosas mujeres, que viviéron en las edades pretéritas, griega, latina, ó bárbara.

DON QUIJOTE, cap. xxv.

Obs. 11. An adjective qualifying two or more nouns of inanimate objects or things, having different gender and number, generally agrees with the nearest; as,

A union which the equality of our family and riches seemed to point

out.

Union que casi la concertaba la igualdad de nuestro linaje, y riquezas

DON QUIJOTE, cap. xxiv

Obs. 12. A noun of the feminine gender in the plural, being in the same phrase with a noun masculine in the singular, having but one adjective, the adjective agrees in the plural, and in the masculine termination, if the verb agrees with the plural noun; as,

His promises and his oath have been false.

Sus promesas y su juramento han sido falsos.

In such cases it is better to place the plural noun next the adjective, and make the agreement with it; thus-Su juramento y sus promesas han sido falsas.

RULE 16.-An adjective qualifying two or more plural nouns or pronouns, of different genders, agrees with them in the masculine termination in the plural; as,

Both the brothers and sisters are charitable.

Tanto los hermanos, como las hermanas son caritativos.

Obs. 13. This rule is strictly observed when the nouns or pronouns signify animate objects; but when the nouns signify inanimate objects or things, classic authors, both ancient and modern, generally make the adjective agree with the nearest substantive; as,

His fears and hopes were vain.

Sus temores y esperanzas fuéron vanas
Sus esperanzas y temores fuéron vanos.
Vanas fuéron sus esperanzas y temores.
Vanos fuéron sus temores y esperanzas.

Happy were my hours, my days, | Dichosas eran mis horas, mis dias,
and my years.
y mis años.

DON QUIJOTE, cap. liii. pt. ii.

RULE 17.-An adjective referring to Usted, (you,) Usia, (your lordship or ladyship,) &c., must agree in gender with that of the person spoken of or to, without any regard to the termination of these nouns; as,

If your lordship would be pleased to Si vuestra Señoría fuese servido de bestow on me, &c. darme, &c. DON QUIJOTE, cap. xlii. pt. ii.

Your worship must be out of your Vuestra merced debe de ser mensenses, said Sancho. guado, dijo Sancho.

Ditto, ditto.

RULE 18.-The English possessive case with the 's, is translated by >mitting the 's, setting the preposition de (of) before the word to which the 's was annexed, and placing the noun which is the last in the English sentence the first in the Spanish translation, with the corresponding article; and reversing in the same manner the order of the other nouns; as,

He has read Pope's works.

works of Pope.}

El ha leido las obras de Pope.

If there be more than two substantives, the last in English must be the first in Spanish; as,

His brother's partner's house.

La casa del compañero de su her

mano.

Obs. 14. In English the sign 's is frequently used instead of the noun of a place, house, office, store, &c., where a thing has happened or been done, which being omitted by ellipsis, it is perfectly understood by the whole of the sentence; but the noun thus omitted must always be expressed in Spanish; as,

Sancho figured to himself that ho | A Sancho se le figuraba que habia would find at her's, (the duchess's house,) what he had found at Don Diego's and Basil's.

de hallar en ella, (la casa de la duquesa,) lo que habia hallado en la casa de Don Diego, y en la de Basilio.

DON QUIJOTE, cap. xxxi. pt. ii.

RULE 19.-Common nouns of the masculine gender, in the plural number, are frequently used to express both genders; as,

The duke and duchess, extremely | Satisfechos los duques de la caza, satisfied with the chase, returned

to their castle.

volviéron á su castillo.

DON QUIJOTE, cap. xxxv

RULE 20.—Adjectives signifying dimension, such as deep, high, low, long, wide, thick, &c., require the preposition de between them and the number, and also after the substantive they refer to; and the verb to be is translated by tener, (290 ;) as,

They have a room twenty-four feet | Ellos tienen un aposento (cuarto) de long, twelve wide, and fifteen veinticuatro pies de largo, doce de ancho y quince de alto.

high.

The adjectives in such cases are used only in the singular number, and in the masculine gender.

Obs. 15. When the nouns, length, width, height, &c., are made use of, they must be preceded by the preposition de; and they may be translated as substantives or adjectives; as,

The Giralda of Seville is 300 feet in La Giralda de Sevilla tiene 300 height. de pies alto, (or de altura.) RULE 21.-The adjective is to be always placed after the noun or nouns it qualifies; as,

Take notice, doctor, that from hence- | forth you need not to take the trouble to provide dainty and delicate dishes for me.

Mirad, doctor, de aquí adelante no os cureis de darme á comer cosas regaladas, ni manjares exquisitos. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xlix. pt. ii.

Obs. 16. When a particular emphasis is laid on the adjective, it is generally placed before the substantive; as, The limpid fountains and murmuring rills afforded them their savory and transparent waters in magnificent abundance.

Las claras fuentes, y corrientes rios en magnífica abundancia sabrosas y transparentes aguas les ofrecian. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xi. pt. i.

When one of two or more adjectives qualifying a substantive is more emphatically used than the other, or others, it is generally placed before the noun, and the other adjective after it;

My good young lady, have pity on a poor fugitive slave.

as,

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RULE 22.-The adjectives uno, (one,) alguno, (some,) ninguno, (none,) are always placed before their substantives; and when they are immediately followed by a masculine noun, or adjective in the singular, they drop the 0. The same do bueno, malo, (12,) primero, and tercero, (46.) Grande, (97, 261,) ciento, (139,) and santo suppress the last syllable; as, As I was one day in Mercers street,

in Toledo.

Estando yo un dia en el Alcana de
Toledo. D. QUIJOTE, cap. ix.

Although the composition of it cost Aunque me costó algun trabajo componerla. Ditto, Preface.

me some trouble.

Obs. 17. Uno drops the o also before substantives in the plural; as, They could not find one in twenty- | Ellos no pudiéron hallar uno en veintiun dias.

one days.

OF THE PRONOUN.

RULE 23.-The personal pronouns subject, or in the nominative case, are frequently omitted, (14,) especially in colloquial style, unless a particular emphasis is laid on them, or it is necessary to express them in order to avoid ambiguity, which may happen by their omission in the first and third person singular of the imperfect tense of the indicative, and of the imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood of all the verbs; as, Pensaba comprar la casa, which phrase may signify, “ I thought, or he thought to buy the house," for the want of the pronouns yo or él.

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We know that thou wast at Algiers. | Sabíamos que estabas en Argel. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xli. I watch while thou art sleeping, I Yo velo cuando tú duermes, yo lloro weep while thou art singing. cuando tú cantas.

Ditto, cap. xl. pt. ii.

RULE 24.-Me, thee, him, &c., must be translated me, te, le, &c., when they are the immediate object of the verb; as, As soon as she saw me, she told me, be not uneasy, my friend.

He that is humble, God will exalt.

Asi como ella me vió me dijo: no te turbes, amigo.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxvii. Aquien se humilla, Dios le ensalza. Ditto, cap. xi.

Obs. 18. Him, her, them, you, (when referring to usted,) being the direct object of a pronominal or reflective verb, must be translated se; as, And a great friend of his dressed Y juntamente se vistió con él de himself also as a shepherd. pastor otro su grande amigo. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xiv.

Obs. 19. Me, him, her, you, &c., being the indirect objective, or complement of a verb governed or preceded by a preposition expressed or understood, are translated mí, él, ella, &c., after the preposition, (see Table of Pronouns, p. 70.) Except should the preposition be á, for then they are generally translated me, le, &c., without the preposition, and frequently repeated with it before mi and él, to give more energy to the phrase; as, He was informed of the departure, El supo la partida, y no de mí. though not by me. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xliii. For her I forsook my father's house. Por ella dejé la casa de mi padre.

He keeps him here enchanted, as well as myself.

Ditto, ditto. Tiénele aquí encantado, como me tiene á mí.

Ditto, cap. xxiii. pt. ii.

RULE 25-As him, her, it, them, you, (usted,) may be in English the object or the complement of a verb, particular care must be taken to distinguish these cases. When they are the object of the verb they are translated le, la, los, or las, according to the gender and number of the noun or

pronoun they stand for

When they are the complement, or indirect objec

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