REMARK.-It may, therefore, be considered as a rule, that whenever the English imperfect tense may be expressed by the verb to be and the present participle of the same verb, or by the verbs used to, in the habit of, accustomed to, &c., preserving the sense of the phrase, it must be translated in Spanish by the imperfect tense. But as the imperfect tense is frequently expressed in English by the auxiliary verb did, the scholar, before translating the principal verb, must ascertain whether did means at that time or then, expressing the action as entirely finished and completed, without requiring any other verb; or whether the verb following did may be rendered by to be and the present participle, as explained in the preceding paragraph. If the verb to which did is prefixed may be translated by the verb to be and the present participle, the verb must be translated by the imperfect tense in Spanish. But if the verb connected with did expresses an action entirely past, and that cannot be translated by to be and the present participle, without changing the meaning of the phrase, then it must be rendered by the preterit, N. 3, in Spanish; as, algo, y Sancho mucho, y echáronse á dormir entrámbos. Don Quixote did thank him for his | Agradecióselo Don Quijote, comió good will, took a little sustenance, Sancho ate voraciously, and then both laid themselves down to sleep. D. QUIJOTE, Cap. lix. pt. ii. In the preceding example, the verbs took, ate, laid down, might be expressed by did take, did eat, did lay down; but not by was taking, eating, or laying down; the verb consequently must be translated in the preterit, N. 3, (as in the example,) and not in the imperfect tense. RULE 41.-The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood has three terminations, the first ending in ara or iera, N. 7; the second in aria, eria, or iria, N. 8; the third in ase or iese, N. 9. 1. The terminations ara or iera, ase or iese, ought to be used when the verb is governed by a conditional conjunction; and the verb that completes the sense of the sentence, (whether it be placed before or after the governing verb,) must be placed in the termination aria, eria, or iria, according to its conjugation; as, If chance and fortune had not fa- | Si el acaso y la fortuna no me ayuvored me, the world would have been deprived of this pleasure. daran, el mundo quedaria falto de este gusto. D. QUIJOTE, cap. ix. 2. When there is in English an inversion in the phrase, the sentence must be set first in the regular form, prefixing the corresponding conjunction to the verb; as, Were it not, (if it were not,) because I do certainly know that all these inconveniences are annexed to the exercise of arms, I would lie still where I am, and die with pure vexation. Si no fuera, porque sé muy cierto que todas estas incomodidades estan anejas al ejercicio de las armas, aquí me dejaria morir de puro enojo. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xv 14 3. When the sentence begins without a conditional conjunction, the terminations ra, 7, or ria, 8, may be used; and the verb necessary to complete the sense, (should there be any,) must be placed in the termination ase or iese, according to its conjugation; as, I would not like that princes and ¦ No querría (quisera) yo que los prínkings run themselves into such dangers. cipes, y los reyes, se pusiesen en D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxxiv. pt. ii. The termination ara or iera, is generally used in ejaculation; as, Who could describe now the throb bings of my heart, while I remained there! Quien pudiera decir ahora los so- D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxvii. 4. Two or more verbs in the imperfect tense of the subjunctive, governed by the same conjunction, or completing the sense of the same phrase, must be placed in the termination chosen for the first of them, whether ra, se, or ria; as, The archbishop ordered one of his | El arzobispo mandó á un capellan chaplains to go to the rector and suyo que se informase (informara) . inquire into the truth, and even to I said that he would come. I did say that he would come. "I have said that he would come. Yo decia que él viniera. vendría viniese. Yo he dicho que él I had said that he would come. Yo habia dicho que él But when the verb governed or subordinate, has the same subject or nominative as the leading or governing verb, only the termination ría is used; as, It is not that, said Sancho, but be- | No es eso, dijo Sancho, sino que yo no querría que se me pudriesen de cause I would not have any secret rot in my keeping. guardadas. D. QUIJOTE, Cap. xvii It must be observed, that although any of the terminations may be used with the above-mentioned verbs, the termination ra generally indicates duty or obligation on the part of its subject, and the termination ria merely implies futurity or possibility; as, The master told his servant to do it immediately. The mistress promised that her servant would do it. El amo dijo a su criado que lo hiciera inmediatamente. El ama prometió que su criada lo haría. REMARK. The use of the Subjunctive Mood is fully explained in Lessons LXXVIII., (351,) LXXIX., (356,) LXXX., (362,) and LXXXI., (368,) which the scholar is advised frequently and attentively to study, in order to make himself perfectly well acquainted with the rules therein set forth. RULE 42.-Will and would, shall and should, can and could, may and might, used as auxiliaries, point out the tense of the verb that follows them, which is the only one that must be translated. But when they are used as principal verbs, they are translated querer, deber, poder. 1. When the emphasis of the phrase lies on the verb that follows them, will and shall point out the future of the indicative, and shall and should sometimes the future of the subjunctive; as, She will come to-morrow. He shall do it to-day. Should they write, please to let me know it. Ella vendrá mañana. El lo hará hoy. Si ellos escribieren, sírvase V. avisármelo. Obs. 38. Will means the free determination, or ready disposition to do a thing. Shall, in the first person, simply indicates and declares, in English, what will take place; in the second and third persous, it implies a promise, command, and determination; and in the interrogative sentences, permission or direction. In translating these two verbs, attention must be paid to these remarks. Therefore, he will not do it may mean he is not willing to do it, or he will not be willing to do it, or he certainly shall not do it, according to the sense of the preceding sentences. This phrase in the first example must be translated by the present of the indicative of the verb querer—él no quiere hacerlo; in the second, will is to be placed in the future of the same verbél no querrá hacerlo; and in the third, the auxiliary will is not translated, and the verb to do (hacer) is translated in the future—él no lo hará. The same rule is to be observed with may and can, which may be translated by the present of the indicative or subjunctive of the verb poder *, or in the present of the subjunctive of the principal verb. 2. When will and would are not joined to any verb, they must be translated by querer, (to wish, to be willing, to desire, to like ;) as, Why do you not write to-day? Because I will not, (I wont.) ¿Porqué no escribe V. hoy? He begged his uncle to sign, but he El suplicó á su tio que firmara, pera would not. él no quiso, 3. Will and would, though followed by a verb, are translated by querer, when they are used emphatically to express an absolute wish; as, He will be obeyed without any ex cuse. El quiere ser obedecido sin excusa alguna. They would have him go, and he Ellos quisieron que él fuera, y estuwas obliged to do it. vo obligado á hacerlo. 4. Would denotes sometimes the repetition of an act, or a custom, or the habit of doing a thing, and then it is frequently rendered by soler, usar, acostumbrar, or by the verb that follows it, in all cases in the imperfect of the indicative; as, In the summer the old man would | sit at his cottage door, and draw letters in the sand for his darling. En el verano el viejo solia (acostumbraba) sentarse á la puerta de su choza y dibujaba letras en la arena para su queridito; or, El viejo se sentaba á la puerta, &c. 5. Should, used for ought to, denoting duty or necessity of acting, is translated by deber, in the tense of the other verb in the English sentence, or in the imperfect tense of the subjunctive; as, You should not do that, since you | V. no debe (debiera or deberia) hacer know it is wrong. If he wishes to do it, he should ask permission before. eso, pues sabe que es malo. Si el desea hacer eso, él debe ántes (debiera or deberia) pedir permiso. 6. Can and could, may and might, signifying possibility, are translated by poder, (to be able ;) as, You can speak to him whenever you please; but they may not take that liberty. If I could, I would write. He might do it, if he pleased. V. puede hablarle siempre que quie ra; pero ellos no pueden tomarse esa libertad. Si yo pudiera, escribiria. El podria hacerlo, si quisiera. 7. The auxiliaries would, could, should, might, being followed by have and a past participle, must be translated by poder, querer, deber, in the imperfect tense of the indicative, or in the termination, ra, N. 7, or ria, N. 8, of the imperfect of the subjunctive, according to the sense of the phrase, when the emphasis is on any of the said auxiliaries, leaving the verb have in the present of the infinitive; but when the emphasis is not on them, but in to have, this is translated by haber in the corresponding tense, followed by the participle querido, podido, or debido; as, He should have spoken to them in time; but he would not, and consequently he lost the best opportunity. I could have seen them, but I did not know that they were in town. El les debia (debiera or deberia) ha ber hablado en tiempo; pero no quiso, y por consiguiente perdió la mejor oportunidad. Yo hubiera podido verlos, pero no supe que estaban en la ciudad. You could have written it. They should have paid it. V. podia haberle escrito. V. pudiera (podria) haberle escrito V. hubiera (habria) podido escribirle. Ellos debieran (deberian) haberle Ellos le habian debido pagar. Ellos le hubieran (habrian) debido pagar. REMARK. The scholar is reminded carefully to examine and ascertain the meaning of the phrases containing will, would, could, &c., before translating them; for, as it has been explained, these verbs may or may not be translated, and placed in the indicative or in the subjunctive mood. OF THE PARTICIPLE. The Spanish past or passive participle, coming immediately after the verb haber, does not admit any change, (118;) as, Let the shoes and bleeding stand for | Quédense los zapatos y las sangrias the stripes you have given him without cause; for if he wore out the leather of the shoes you paid for, you have torn the skin from his body. por los azotes, que sin culpa, le habeis dado, que si él rompió el cuero de los zapatos que vos pagasteis, vos le habeis rompido el de su cuerpo. D. QUIJOTE, cap. iv. The passive participle, after the verbs ser and estar, changes its termination, like an adjective, according to the number and gender of the noun or pronoun it refers to. It does the same after tener, when it is used as an active verb; as, The passive participle is often elegantly used at the beginning of a sen tence, like the ablative absolute in Latin; as, Don Quixote starting up, and trem- | Leventado en pié Don Quijote, y bling from head to foot, said. temblando de los piés á la cabeza, dijo. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxxii. pt. ii. Obs. 39. Words ending in ado or ido are participles, when they have the same meaning and government as the verbs from which they may be form |