ed, having also a reference to time; otherwise they are adjectives and have a different signification; as,

The captain being informed of the | Advertido el capitan del peligro, danger, could avoid it. pudo evitarle.

The cautious captain avoided the El advertido capitan evitó el peligro. danger.

Advertido, in the first example, is a past participle; in the second, an adjective.

There are some words in ado and ido, that have both an active and a passive signification, and may be used as verbal adjectives; as,

The following quotations from Cervantes, corroborate the rules already laid down for the Adverb.

When an adverb modifies a verb, it is generally placed after the verb; when it modifies an adjective or another adverb, it is generally placed before, (106.) Except the adverbs of negation, as well as any other word expressing a negative, and when the adverbs are emphatically used, for then they are placed before the verb; as,

I confess that I was wrong, and did not speak correctly.

Yo confieso que anduve mal, y no dije bien.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxiii. pt. ii.

As Horace did with so much ele- Como tan elegantemente lo hizo gance.

Horacio.

Ditto, cap. xvi. pt. ii.

Nada, (nothing,) nadie or ninguno, (nobody,) nunca and jamas, (never,} when placed after the verb, require no or ni before it; as,

Camacho the rich, in order to show how little he resented or thought of the trick, desired that the entertainments might proceed.

El rico Camacho por mostrar que no sentia la burla, ni la estimaba en nada, quiso que las fiestas pasasen adelante.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxi. pt. ii.

Two negatives make the phrase more elegant in Spanish; thus, No quiero nada, (I want nothing,) is more energetic than, nada quiero.

I say nothing, answered Sancho. No digo nada, respondió Sancho.

We are not at all in one another's No nos debemos nada.

debt.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxii. pt. ii.

The conjunction but, preceded by a negative in the same sentence, must generally be translated sino, and sometimes mas que or mas de; as,

Sir, melancholy was not made for beasts but for men; and yet if men encourage melancholy too much, they become no better than beasts.

As if their profession (the military) was the office of a common porter, for which nothing else is wanting but good strength

Señor, las tristezas no se hicieron para las bestias sino para los hombres; pero si los hombres las sienten demasiado, se vuelven bestias.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xi. pt. ii. Como si fuese su ejercicio (el de las armas) oficio de ganapanes para el cual no es menester mas de buenas fuerzas.

Ditto, cap. xxvii.

When two or more adverbs ending in mente, follow in succession in the same sentence, that termination is added to the last of them only, changing the others in the feminine termination, if they admit of it; as,

Cardenio heard these words very | Oyó estas razones Cardenio bien plainly and distinctly. clara (claro) y distintamente. D. QUIJOTE, cap. xxxvi.

Nunca and jamas signify never, and are used separately or together; in the latter case, nunca must be placed before jamas, and thus they give greater energy to the phrase; as,

I shall never, never see them again. | Yo nunca jamas los volveré á ver.

Jamas is often used after siempre, (ever;) as, por siempre jamas, which means, for ever and ever.

as,

No is sometimes used redundantly, to give more force to the sentence;

The mighty Homer did not write in Latin, because he was a Greek; nor Virgil in Greek, because he was a Roman.

El grande Homero no escribió en latin, porque era Griego; ni Virgilio no escribió en griego, porque era Latino.

D. QUIJOTE, cap. xvi. pt. ii.

OF THE PREPOSITION.

The government of the verbs through the prepositions is so varied, as to render it very difficult to explain and comprise it in a few rules adapted to the capacity of the younger classes of learners. The student, therefore, is requested to consult the "List of the Prepositions required by certain Verbs," &c., placed at the end of this part; and also a good dictionary, in which he will find the several meanings of the verbs in consequence of the prepositions that accompany them.

As the English prepositions for and by, may be translated into Spanish by para and por, the following rules and examples are laid down to assist the learner in the use of them.

PARA.

When for is used to denote the end or motive, the use of things, the relation or respect of one thing to another, it is generally translated para; as, The honor of the invention will be El honor de la invencion será para for him

It has been a great loss for them.
The letter was for my friend.

él.

Ha sido una gran pérdida para ellos.
La carta era para mi amigo.

For, with verbs of motion, is translated para, and also when it refers to

time; as,

Mr. I. G. sailed for Europe last week. | El señor I. G. salió para Europa la semana pasada.

We will leave it for to-morrow.

To, when denoting the end or

Lo dejarémos para mañana.

motive of acting, and signifying for the

purpose of, in order to, the use of, is translated para; as,

He went to settle his accounts with | El fué para ajustar sus cuentas con

them, and to buy a new assort

ment for his store.

I read to instruct myself.

ellos, y para comprar un nuevo surtido para su almacen.

Yo leo para instruirme.

Para is used to express capacity or incapacity, fitness or unfitness, inclination or disinclination, disposition or propensity; as,

He is not a man to undertake it.

He is fit for every thing.

That is fit for nothing.

He is always inclined to play.

No es hombre para emprenderlo.

Es hombre para todo.

Eso no es bueno para nada.

El siempre está para jugar.

In order that, considering, &c., may also be expressed by para; as,

She knows a great deal for her age. | Ella sabe mucho para su edač.

POR.

For, meaning by, through, for the sake of, by means of, in favor or behalf of, in exchange of, &c., is translated por; as,

She obtained it through her brother.
Pardon your enemies for God's sake.

Ella lo consiguió por su hermano. Perdonad á vuestros enemigos por amor de Dios.

He did it for his friend, (él lo hizo por su amigo.) This phrase means, he did it for the sake, or instead of his friend. Should para be substituted for por, it would signify, he did it for the use, benefit, or advantage of, or merely to please his friend.

For, with reference to time, or price, is translated por; as,

He is gone into the country for a El se ha ido al campo por una seweek.

I paid five dollars for the hat.

mana.

Pagué cinco pesos por el sombrero.

Por, before the infinitive of a verb, indicates sometimes the same as without; at other times in order to, so as to, or to; and also a future ac tion; as,

The letters are yet to be written.
He did it not to be thought insensible.
The answer is about to come.

The house is not yet finished.

Las cartas estan por escribir.

Lo hizo para no pasar por insensible.
La respuesta está por venir.

La casa está por acabar.

Por, between two nouns, or two verbs in the present of the infinitive, denotes the choice between two things, as,

If I am to choose between an em- | Emperador por Emperador, y Mo

peror and other emperor, between a monarch and other monarch, I have the great Count of Lemos, at Naples.

narca por Monarca, en Nápoles tengo al gran Conde de Lemos. D. QUIJOTE, Dedication, pt. ii.

Por is often prefixed to an adverb, and becomes an adverbial expression; as, por encima. | Underneath, por debajo.

On the top,

Prepositions require the noun or pronoun governed by them to be in the objective case. Personal pronouns, governed by a preposition expressed, must be placed in the indirect objective case or complement: except the pronouns me and thee, which, in conformity with the modern use, are placed in the nominative when they are governed by the preposition entre, (between ;) as,

Judge whether it will be reasonable | Ved si será razonable que de su to lay his sufferings to me.

For your desire to know what is between us,-O'ermaster it as you

may.

pena se me dé á mí la culpa.

DON QUIJOTE, cap. xiv. Reprimid cuanto os fuere posible el deseo de saber lo que ha pasado entre él y yo. HAMLET, act i., [translated by MORATIN

REMARK.

When an English verb is accompanied by, or ends in a preposition, as, She asks for the letter, he asked after you, they could not bring it about, the scholar must first ascertain whether the preposition constitutes a part of the verb, so as to make one single meaning with it, or whether it gives the verb a different signification or not: if the preposition with the verb have one single meaning, the preposition is not translated; if it gives the verb a different signification, it must be translated as directed in the dictionary. In the first of the above examples for makes a part of the verb pedir, and it is not translated, ella pide la carta. In the second it gives a different meaning to the verb to ask, and is translated, él pregunta por V. In the third it is not translated, because it is also a part of the verb, which in that case signifies conseguir; thus, ellos no pudieron conseguirlo. They made a secret of it, but he at last found it out. As the grammatical order of the prepositions is frequently inverted in English, and in the colloquial style, the object of them is for shortness sake sometimes omitted; the scholar must take care to put such phrases in their

Hicieron secreto de ello; pero él al fin le descubrió.

proper order, and to supply the word or words wanting, as the translation of a sentence would be otherwise very incorrect. Examples:

Be careful in selecting the persons you accompany yourself with. Invert the construction thus, Be careful in selecting the persons with whom you accompany yourself.-Tenga V. buen cuidado en la eleccion de las personas con quienes se acompañe Where do you come from? (from whence do you come?)-¿ De donde viene V.? Where are you going to? (to what part are you going?)—¿ Adonde va V.? with, (to see with them.)-Los ojos se hicieron para ver, or para ver con ellos.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.

Eyes were made to see

The conjunction é is used instead of y, when the word coming after it begins with i or hi; as,

The authors of other nations con- | Los autores extrangeros nos tienen Iclude that we are barbarous and ignorant.

Both mother and son were struck with the uncouth figure of Don Quixote.

por bárbaros é ignorantes.

DON QUIJOTE, Cap. xlviii. Madre é hijo quedaron suspensos de ver la extraña figura de Don Quijote. Ditto, cap. xviii. pt. ii.

U is employed instead of ó when the following word begins with o or ho; as,

This does not differ at all from any

speech in the play of "The most prodigious Black Man," or other such.

But they could not say whether it was a woman or a man who called them.

Esto no se distingue de una rela-
cion de "El Negro mas prodigi-
oso," û otra semejante.

CADALSO, LOS Eruditos.
Pero no podian decir, si era mujer
ú hombre quien los llamaba.
ISLA, cartas.

Ni requires the verb in the plural; as, Neither I nor my master ever set eyes on her.

Ni yo, ni mi amo la hemos visto jamas. D. QUIJOTE, cap. x. pt. ii.

OF THE INTERJECTION.

Alas! how much more agreeable | will be the company of these rocks!

Ah, Lucinda! Lucinda! take care what you do!......Ha! treacherous Don Fernando, robber of my glory!

O fatal star of my destiny!

Ah, ha! cried the curate, have we got giants too in the dance?

Ay desdichada! iy cuan mas agradable compañia harán estos riscos. Ditto, cap. xxviii. ¡Ah, Luscinda! Luscinda! mira lo que haces!......¡ Ah traidor, Don Fernando, robador de mi gloria! Ditto, cap. xxvii.

¡O fatal estrella mia!