teen inches in length; others are rather larger, and of a plain lead-color on the upper parts, and the wings black, though all are white or nearly so beneath. The legs in these two last are marked with black at the ends of the toes, and the claws are black.

PINGUIS, a river of Mysia, which runs into the Danube.-Plin. iii. c. 26.

PINION, n. s. & v. a. Fr. pignon; Lat. penna. The joint of a wing remotest from the body. Shakspeare uses it for a feather or quill of the wing; the tooth of a wheel; a fetter or shackle: to bind the wings or arms; to shackle; bind to.

How oft do they with golden pinions cleave The flitting skies, like flying pursuivant! Spenser. He is pluckt, when hither

He sends so poor a pinion of his wing. Shakspeare. Know, that I will not wait pinioned at your master's court; rather make my country's high pyramids my gibbet, and hang me up in chains.

Id. Antony and Cleopatra.

So by each bard an alderman shall st, A heavy lord shall hang at every wit; And, while on fame's triumphant car they ride, Some slave of mine be pinioned to their side. Id. Though fear should lend him pinions like the wind, Yet swifter fate will seize him from behind. Swift. Avaunt, away! the cruel sway,

Tyrannic man's dominion;

Burns.

The sportman's joy, the murd'ring cry, The flutt'ring, gory pinion. PINION, in mechanics, an arbor or spindle in the body whereof are several notches, which catch the teeth of a wheel that serves to turn it round, or it is a lesser wheel that plays in the teeth of a larger.

PINITE, in mineralogy, micarelle of Kirwan. Color blackish-green. Massive, in lamellar concretions, and crystallised in an equiangular six-sided prism; in the same figure truncated or bevelled, and in a rectangular four-sided prism. Cleavage shining; lustre resinous. Fracture uneven. Opaque. Soft. Sectile; frangible, and not flexible. Feels somewhat greasy. Specific gravity 2-95. Infusible. Its constituents are, silica 29-5, alumina 63-75, oxide of iron 675.Klaproth. It is found in the granite of St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall; in porphyry in Glen

Klaproth himself seems not to have put much confidence in his analysis, which was made at an early period, as he has not admitted it into his contributions. The mineralogical affinity which was presumed to exist between pinite and mica, having thus received no confirmation from chemistry, I imagined that a repetition of its analysis would not be superfluous. For this investigation, I made choice of the pinite of St. Pardoux, it being the only kind I could procure in sufficient quantity.

Its specific gravity was found = 2·7575 + 6 R. It is asserted in almost all mineralogical works that the pinite cannot be melted before the blowpipe: this assertion is founded upon the examination of Klaproth, made upon the pinite of Pinistollen. I have had no opportunity of examining that variety under the blowpipe; but the pinite of St. Pardoux melts on the edges into a glass full of blisters, when thin splinters of it are presented to the flame, although it does not melt into a globule. I have observed in general the same reactions as those which have been described by professor Berzelius, in his treatise on the Blowpipe; and I have only one circumstance to add, which, in so far as regards the geological relations of pinite, seems to deserve some attention. The pinite, when heated in a glass phial, gives out water of a disagreeable empyreumatic smell, which instantly blues reddened litmus, and therefore contains ammonia. It cannot be determined whether this ammonia is ready formed in the mineral, or is rather a product of the decomposition of some animal matter contained in it: the latter, however, would seem to be the more probable conjecture. It may be observed that pinite never occurs in fresh rocks, but always, as for instance in Auvergne, in a decomposed granite, upon which the volcanic mountains of that country rest; and upon this occasion I beg leave to observe that I have discovered a considerable quantity of ammonia in the natrolite of Hohentwiel, and in the porphyry-slate itself, in which the natrolite is found in veins.-Gilbert's Annalen, 1820, No. iv. p. 367.

Analysis. a. 149 grains of pinite, in coarse pieces, were reduced by ignition to 1.459 grains; 100 parts, therefore, would experience a loss of 1.410. 6. 2.5 grains of pinite, after having been reduced to an impalpable powder, ware mixed with 12.5 grains of carbonate of barytes, and ignited; the mass cohered loosely, and assumed a green color. When dissolved in muriatic acid,

chlorine was evolved. Silica, separated in the ordinary way, weighed, after ignition, 1.38 grains 55-200 per cent. c. The liquor was now precipitated by carbonate of ammonia; the precipitate which fell down was separated by the filter, and well washed. The solution was then evaporated to dryness, and the dry mass fused. Alcohol and a little muriatic acid were poured upon the fused mass, and the alcohol set on fire; but there appeared nothing of a green or purple color, a circumstance by which the absence of boracic acid and lithium is proved. d. The muriate of alkali, converted into a neutral sulphate, weighed 0-387 grains; when dissolved in water, 0-0191 grains. Silica 0-764 per cent. were left undissolved. The sulphate was now converted into a carbonate by means of acetate of lead, which was dissolved in water, leaving a small residue of oxide of manganese. The solution was saturated by muriatic acid, and evaporated, in in order to drive off the excess of acid. The muriatic salt was dissolved in a little water, and mixed with a concentrated solution of muriate of platina. The precipitate was washed with a small quantity of water. The solution which passed through the filter was mixed with some sulphuric acid, evaporated, and exposed to an intense heat. The sulphate was separated from the metallic platina by means of water, and put aside for crystallisation. There were formed crystals of sulphate of soda, which effloresced perfectly on exposure to the atmosphere, and weighed in this state 0-022 grains. This quantity being deduced from the whole quantity of the salt (0-387 grains), there remain for the sulphate of potassa 0-365 grains. 2.5 grains of pinite contain, therefore, 0-19735 grains of potassa

7.894 per cent., and 0.00964 grains of soda 0-386 per cent. e. The precipitate formed by carbonate of ammonia (c) was dissolved in muriatic acid, and the barytes precipitated by sulphuric acid. The filtered liquor was then evaporated, again dissolved in water, mixed with caustic ammonia, and quickly filtered. The filtered liquor, when evaporated, deposited alumina, which, after ignition, weighed 0-038 grains 1.52 per cent. Oxalate of ammonia produced in this liquor a very slight precipitate, which could not be weighed. When boiled with carbonate of potassa, no precipitate fell down. f. The precipitate thrown down by caustic ammonia (e) was dissolved in muriatic acid, and boiled with an excess of caustic potassa. The alkaline solution was supersaturated by muriatic acid, and the alumina then precipitated by carbonate of ammonia. It weighed, after ignition, 0.899 grains, 23.960 per cent. g. The residue (in f) left undissolved by potassa was dissolved in muriatic acid, boiled with nitric acid, and the iron thrown down by succinate of ammonia. The oxide of iron weighed 0-1378 grains 5-212 per cent. h. The iron having been separated, the liquor was boiled with subcarbonate of potassa, by which magnesia was precipitated, containing a quantity of oxide of manganese. It weighed, after ignition, 094 grains 3.760 per cent.

The pinite of St. Pardoux is therefore composed of

Shakspeare.

Id.

I am the very pink of courtesy In May and June come pinks of all sorts; especially the blush pink. Bacon's Essays.

The sea-hedgehog is enclosed in a round shell, handsomely wrought and pinked. Carew.

Pink is very susceptible of the other colours by the mixture; if you mix brown-red with it, you will make it a very earthy colour. Dryden's Dufresnoy. A hungry fox lay winking and pinking, as if he had sore eyes. L'Estrange. Happy the climate where the beau Wears the same suit for use and show; And at a small expence your wife,

If once well pinked, is clothed for life. Prior. Then let Crispino, who was ne'er refused The justice yet of being well abused, With patience wait; and be content to reign The pink of puppies in some future strain.

Young.

PINK, n. s. Fr. pinque. A kind of heavy narrow-sterned ship.

This pink is one of Cupid's carriers;
Give fire, she is my prize.
Shakspeare.

PINK, Fr. pinque, a name given to a ship with a very narrow stern. Those used in the Mediterranean Sea differ from the xebecs only in being more lofty, and not sharp in the bottom; they are vessels of burden, have three masts, and carry lateen sails. All vessels, however small, whose sterns are very narrow, are called pinksterned.

PINK, in botany. See DIANTHUS.

PINK, INDIAN, the English name of three species of different genera; viz. dianthus, ipomea, and lonicera.

PINK, SEA, a species of statice.

PINKERTON (John), F. S. A., a miscellaneous writer, was born in Edinburgh, February 13th, 1758, and was the third son of James Pinkerton, a dealer in hair, but descended of a respectable family. After acquiring the rudiments of education in the suburbs of the Scottish metropolis, he was removed, in 1764, to a school of a respectable character, at Lanark, kept by a brother-in-law of Thomson, the poet; and was then articled to a writer to the signet, in whose office he continued five years. Here he imbibed a taste for poetry, of which the first fruits appeared in 1776, in an elegy called Craigmiller Castle. On

the death of his father, in 1780, he came to London, where he settled the following year, and published a volume of miscellaneous poetry, under the title of Rhymes, with dissertations on the Oral Tradition of Poetry, and on the Tragic Ballad, prefixed. This he followed up the succeeding year by two others; one in quarto containing Dithyrambic Odes, &c., the other entitled Tales in Verse. A passion for collecting medals, excited in his boyish days by his coming into possession of a rare one of the emperor Constantine, drew his attention to the imperfections of all books on the subject, and led him to draw up his excellent essay on Medals, printed in 1784, in 2 vols. 8vo.; a compilation in which he was much indebted to the assistance of Mr. Douce. Mr. Pinkerton published in 1785 Letters on Literature, under the assumed name of Heron, in which he recommends a new and very fantastical system of orthography. This book, however, obtained him the acquaintance of Horace Walpole, of whose witticisms, &c., he published a collection, after his decease, under the title of Walpoliana, 2 vols. 18mo. In 1787 appeared the Treasury of Wit, 2 vols. 12mo., under the fictitious name of Bennet; Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of the Scythians, or Goths, being an Introduction to the Ancient and Modern History of Europe; A Collection of Latin Lives of Scottish Saints, 8vo. in 1789, now scarce; an edition of Barbour's Old Scottish poem, the Bruce, 3 vols. 8vo. in the same year; the Medallic History of England, 4to.; An Enquiry into the History of Scotland, preceding the reign of Malcolm III., 2 vols. 8vo. 1789, reprinted, with additions, 1795; Scottish Poems, reprinted from scarce editions, 3 vols. 8vo.; Iconographia Scotica, or Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Scotland, with notes, 2 vols. 8vo. 1795-1797; The Scottish Gallery, 8vo. 1799; Modern Geography, digested on a New Plan, 2 vols. 4to. 1802, reprinted 3 vols. 1807; General Collection of Voyages and Travels, 19 vols. 4to.; Recollections of Paris, 2 vols. 8vo.; New Modern Atlas, in parts, 1809; and Petralogy, or a Treatise on Rocks, 2 vols. 8vo. 1811; his last original work. Mr. Pinkerton, in his later years, resided almost entirely at Paris, whither he first proceeded in 1806, and where he died March 10th, 1826.

PIN'MONEY, n. s. Pin and money. Money allowed to a wife for her private expenses with

PINNA, in ancient geography, a town of Italy, south of Picenum, at the mouth of the Matriuus, Sil. 8, v. 518.

PINNA, in zoology, a genus belonging to the order of vermes testacea. The animal is a slug. The shell is bivalve, fragile, and furnished with a beard, gapes at one end, the valves hinge with out a tooth. They inhabit the coasts of Provence, Italy, and the Indian Ocean. P. marina, the largest and most remarkable species, inhabits the Mediterranean. It is blind, as are all of the genus; but furnished with very strong calcareous valves. The scuttle-fish (sepia), an inhabitant of the same sea, is a deadly foe to this ani

mal. As soon as the pinna opens its shell, he rushes upon her like a lion, and would always devour her, but for another animal of the crab kind naked like the hermit, and very quicksighted. This cancer or crab the pinna receives into her covering; and, when she opens ber valve in quest of food, lets him out to look for prey. During this the scuttle-fish approaches, the crab returns with the utmost speed and anxiety to his hostess, who being thus warned of the danger, shuts her doors, and keeps out the enemy. Dr. Hasselquist, in his voyage towards Palestine, beheld this curious phenomenon, which, though well known to the ancients, had escaped the moderns. Aristotle (Hist. lib. 5, c. 15), and Pliny (lib. 9, 51, and 66), confirm the facts above set forth. The pinnæ marinæ differ less from mussels in the size of their shells than in the fineness and number of certain brown threads which attach them to the rocks, hold them in a fixed situation, secure them from the rolling of the waves, especially in tempests, and assist them in laying hold of slime. See MyTILUS. These threads, M. de Reaumur says, are nearly as fine and beautiful as silk from the silk worm, and hence calls them the silk-worms of the sea. Stuffs, and several kinds of beautiful manufacture, are made of them at Palermo; in many places they are the chief object of fishing, and become a silk proper for many purposes. It requires a considerable number of the pinnæ marinæ for one pair of stockings. The thread is so fine that a pair of stockings made of it can be easily contained in a snuff-box of an or dinary size. A pair of men's gloves of this thread lately cost thirteen carlinis, women's gloves eighteen, pair of stockings six ducats, waistcoat thirty, and coat 100 ducats. The men who are employed in fishing up the pinna marina, say that it is necessary to break the tuft of threads. They are fished up at Toulon, from the depth of fifteen, twenty, and sometimes more than thirty feet, with an instrument called a cramp, a kind of fork of iron, of which the prongs are perpendicular with respect to the handle. Each of them is about eight feet long, and there is a space between them of about six inches. The tuft of silk issues directly from the body of the animal; it comes from the shell at the place where it opens, about four or five inches from the summit or point in the large pinnæ. M. de Reaumur (Mem. d l'Acad. des Sciences, 1711, p. 216, and 1717, p. 177,) considers the pinna as the most proper of all shell-fish to elucidate the formation of pearls. It produces many of them of different colors, as gray or lead colored, red, and some of a blackish color, and in the form of a pear. The animal which lodges in the pinna marina rarely shows itself, because the valves are seldom opened. Its head is below, its largest extremity opposite; it is kept in the shell by four vigorous muscles, placed at the extremities of the valves; the shell has no hinges, but a flat and blackish ligament, which is equal in length to one-half of the shell. M. d'Argenville distinguishes three kinds of the pinnæ:-1. P. M. astura of the Venetians is large, red within, and has reddish mother-of-pearl, similar to the substance of the shell itself. Some of these shells weigh nearly

PINNACLE, in architecture, the top of a house, terminating in a point. This kind of roof among the ancients was appropriated to temples; their ordinary roofs were all flat, or made in the platform way.

PINNACLE ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook in 1778. It is about fourteen miles from north to south, the shore every where broken and uneven, and forming bays bounded by rugged cliffs. 186° 40′ E., lat. 60° 25′ N.

Long.

PINNATIFIDUM FOLIUM. See BOTANY. PINNATIPEDES, Lat. from pinna, a fin, and pes, a foot, in ornithology, an order of birds that have pinnated feet, or are fin-footed. It is the eighth order both in the Linnean system and Mr. Latham's; but the fourth according to Dr. Gmelin's arrangement, which is followed by Mr. Kerr; who characterises them thus:-The bill, body, and mode of life, in the birds of this order, resemble those of the waders. The thighs are likewise naked for the lower half, and the feet are fitted for wading in marshes, all the toes being divided; but the toes are edged on each side with a membrane for their whole length. These birds mostly live in pairs while breeding, and construct very large nests of various leaves and grass in their marshy haunts. See GRALLE, and WADERS. There are only three genera according to all these ornithologists.

PINNATUM FOLIUM. See BOTANY. PIN'NER, n. s. From pinna or pinion. The lappet of a head-dress, which flies loose.

An antiquary will scorn to mention a pinner or a night-rail, but will talk on the vitta. Addison.

Her goodly countenance I've seen, Set off with kerchief starched, and pinners clean. Gay.

PINNOPHYLAX, PINNOTERES, or PINNOTERUS, a kind of crab-fish, furnished with very good eyes. It is said to be the companion of the pinna marina. They live and lodge together in the same shell, which belongs to the latter. When it has occasion to eat, it opens its valves and sends out its faithful purveyor to procure food. If during their labor the pinnoterus perceives the polypus, it immediately returns to warn its blind friend of the danger, when, by shutting its valves, it escapes the rage of its enemy; but, when the pinnoterus loads itself with booty without molestation, it makes a gentle noise at the opening of the shell, and when admitted the two friends feast on the fruits of its industry. See PINNA.

PINOS, a low island of the Atlantic, on the coast of Darien, 115 miles E. S. E. of Reo Vilo:

also an island of the Atlantic Ocean, near the

south coast of Cuba, from which it is separated by a channel sixteen leagues long, and six wide. It is forty-two miles long and thirty-four broad, and abounds in pastures and large trees; also in goats and other animals. It has several very well sheltered roads, and is inhabited by a few fishermen. Long. 82° 45′ W., lat. 21° 38' N.

PINS, BELAYING, in ships (chevillots de fer, ou de bois, pour amarrer des manœuvres, Fr.), are pieces of wood, or iron, fixed in a rank for making fast the small running-rigging.

PINS AND CHAINS, for securing the bars in the capstan, are iron pins connected with small chains, which are fastened to the drum-head of the capstan by means of staples.

PINSK, a trading town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Minsk, surrounded by marshes. It is the see of a bishop of the united Greek church; but a number of the inhabitants are Jews. Its chief manufacture is leather.

Population 4500. Eighty-four miles east of Brzeze, and 100 S. S. E. of Grodno.

PINT, n. s. Sax. pint; Fr. pinte; low Lat. pinta. Half a quart; in medicine, twelve ounces; a liquid measure.

Well, you'll not believe me generous, till I crack half a pint with you at my own charges. Dryden.

PINT (pinta), a vessel, or measure, used in estimating the quantity of liquids, and even sometimes of dry things. Budæus derives the word from the Greek mea; others from the German pint, a little measure of wine; Nicod from the Greek TV, to drink. The English pint is two-fold; the one for wine measure, the other for beer and ale-measure. See WEIGHTS and MEASURES. The Scotch pint is four times as large.

PINTADO, or afra avis, in ornithology, a name given by the ancient Roman authors to the Guinea-hen.

PINTIA, an ancient town of Spain, supposed to have been on the site of Valladolid.

PINTLES, Fr. éguillots de gouvernail, a sort of small mixed metal bolts, fastened upon the back part of the rudder, with their points downwards, in order to enter into, and rest upon the braces, fixed on the stern-post to hang the rudder.

PINTOR (Peter), a native of Valentia in Spain, born in 1426; who was physician to Alexander VI., whom he followed to Rome, where he practised with great success. He wrote two works of considerable merit, 1. Aggregator Sententiarum Doctorum de Curatione in Pestilentiâ, printed at Rome 1499, in folio. 2. De Morbo Fædo et Occulto his Temporibus Affligenti, &c., printed at Rome, 1500, in 4to., black letter; a book extremely scarce, unknown to Luisini and Astruc, and which traces the venereal disease to the year 1496. Pintor died at Rome in 1503, aged eighty-three. PINTURICCIO (Bernardin), a celebrated Italian painter, born at Perusia in 1454. He was the disciple of Peter Perugino, under whom he became so good an artist that he employed him on many occasions as his assistant. He principally painted history and grotesque; but he also excelled in portraits, among which those of Pope Pius II. and Innocent VIII., of Julia Farnese, Cæsar Borgia, and Isabella queen of Spain, are particularly distinguished. His chief performance is the history of Pius II., painted in ten compartments in the history of Siena; in which undertaking Raphael, then a young man, assisted him so far as to sketch out cartoons of many parts of the composition. His death was occasioned by a singular disappointment. Being employed by the Franciscan monks of Sienna to draw a picture, they gave him a chamber to paint it, which they cleared of all furniture except an old trunk, which he insisted on being also removed, in doing so it broke, and discovered 500 pieces of gold, which the monks gladly seized, and the painter died of vexation at missing the treasure. PINUS, the pine-tree, a genus of the monodelphia order, and monœcia class of plants; natural order fifty-first, coniferæ. The pine-tree was well known to the ancients, and has been described and celebrated both by their philoso

phers and poets. Pliny enumerates six species of this genus; and it is mentioned by Virgil in his Eclogues, Georgics, and Æneid; by Horace in his Odes; by Ovid in his Metamorphoses; by Statius; and by Catullus, &c. There are generally reckoned fourteen species of this genus. All of them are propagated by seeds produced in hard woody cones. The way to get the seeds out of these cones is to lay them before a gentle fire, which will cause the cells to open, and then the seeds may be easily taken out. If the cones are kept entire the seeds will remain good for some years; so that the surest way of preserving them is to let them remain in the cones till the time for sowing the seeds. If the cones are kept in a warm place in summer they will open and emit the seeds; but if they are not exposed to the heat they will remain close for a long time. The best season for sowing the pines is about the end of March, When the seeds are sown the place should be covered with nets to keep off the birds; otherwise, when the plants begin to appear with the husk of the seed on the top of them, the birds will peck off the tops, and thus destroy them. The most remarkable species are:

1. P. abies, or European spruce fir, a native of the northern parts of Europe and of Asia, includes the Norway spruce and long-coned Cornish fir. The former of these is a tree of as much beauty when growing as its timber is valuable when reared. Its growth is naturally upright, and the height it reaches renders it valuable: the white deal, so much coveted by the joiners, &c., is the wood of this tree; and from this fir pitch is drawn. The leaves are dark green; they stand singly on the branches, but the younger shoots are very closely garnished with them. They are very narrow; their ends are pointed; and their beauties excite admiration. The cones are eight or ten inches long, and hang downwards. The better the soil is the faster will the spruce fir grow, though it will thrive very well in most lands. In strong loamy earth it makes a surprising progress; and it delights in fresh lands of all sorts, which never have been worn out by plowing, &c., though it be never so poor. The long-coned Cornish fir differs scarcely in any respect from the Norway spruce, except that the leaves and the cones are larger.

2. P. balsamea, the hemlock fir, a native of Virginia and Canada, possesses as little beauty as any of the fir tribe; though, being rather scarce, it is deemed valuable. It is called by some the yew-leaved fir, from the resemblance of the leaves to those of the yew tree. It is a tree of low growth, with but few branches; and these are long and slender, and spread abroad without order. The leaves do not garnish the branches so plentifully as those of any other species. The cones are very small and rounded; they are about half an inch long; and the scales are loosely arranged. We receive these cones from America, by which we raise the plants. This tree is fond of moist rich ground, and in such soil makes the greatest progress.

3. P. Canadensis, American or Newfoundland spruce ur, a native of Canada, Pennsylvania, and