demos or borough each belonged. Some fpecimens of thefe regifters are preserved in the Oxford collection, and many fragments are yet extant at Athens. At this period Athens abounded in philofophers. It fwarmed, according to Lucian, with clokes and ftaves and fatchels; you beheld every where a long beard, book in the left hand, and the walks full of companies, difcourfing and reafoning. The cloke or Tribonium was the habit of all the orders. The general colour was dark, but the Cynic wore white, and, with the Stoic, had the folds doubled. One shoulder was bare; the hair hanging down; the beard unfhaven. The Cynic, with the Stoic and Pythagorean, was flovenly and negligent, his cloke in tatters, his nails long, and his feet naked. The Cynic was armed with a staff, as a defence from dogs or the rabble. The Sophift was adorned with purple, and commonly polished as well in drefs and perfon as in manners and language. It behoved the profeffor, as Lucian affirms, to be handfomely clothed, to be fleek and comely, and above all to have a flowing beard infpiring thofe who approached him with veneration, and fuitable to the falary he received from the Emperor. A learned father, who was cotemporary with Julian at Athens, has described the manner in which the Novice was treated on his arrival there, with the ceremony of initiation. He was firft furrounded by the pupils and partizans of the different Sophifts, all eager to recommend their favourite master. He was hofpitably entertained; and afterwards the ftudents were allowed to attack him with rude or ingenuous difputation, as each was disposed. This, the relater has furmifed, was intended to mortify conceit, and to render him tractable. He was next to be invefted with the habit. A proceffion in pairs, at equal distances, conducted him through the Agora to a public bath, probably that without Dipylon by the monument of Anthemocritus. An oppofition was feigned on their approach to the door, fome calling out and forbidding his admiffion, fome urging on and knocking. These prevailed. He was introduced into a warm cell, washed, and then clothed with the Tribonium. He was faluted as an equal on his coming out, and re-conducted. No one was fuffered to appear in that dress at Athens without the permiffion of the Sophifts and this ceremony, which was attended with confiderable expence. The philofophers were long as diftinguished by their averfion to Christianity as by their garment. It is recorded of Juftin Martyr, that he preached in the Tribonium, to which he had been admitted before his converfion. Some monks alfo, whom the Gentiles termed impoftors, affumed it, uniting with fpiritual pride and confummate vanity, an affectation of fingular humility and of indifference to worldly fhow. But the Emperor Jovian commanding the temples to be fhut, and probibiting facrifice, the prudent philofopher then concealed his profeffion, and relinquished his cloke for the common drefs. The. * Gregorius Nazianzen. Orat. xx. B 3 order the more peculiar Manners, Cuftoms, &c. of the modern Greek, Turkish, and Albanian inhabitants of that City and its Territory; from Dr. Chandler's Travels in Greece. THENS maintained under the Romans its reputation for philofophy and eloquence, and continued, though fubdued, the metropolis of learning, the fchool of arts, the centre of tafte and genius. The Gymnafia and the gardens of the philofophers were decorated with the capital works of eminent mafters, and ftill frequented. The fierce warrior was captivated by Greece and fcience, and Athens bumanized and polished the conquerors of the world. But Sylla greatly injured the city, by tranfporting to Rome the public library, which had been founded by Pififtratus, carefully augmented by the people, removed by Xerxes into Perfia, and restored long after by Seleucus Nicanor. The fpirit of learning drooped on the lofs; and the Roman youth, under Tiberius, were fent to ftudy at Marfeilles, inftead of Athens.. Even there the barbarous Gauls joined in the parfait of eloquence and philofophy. The fophift, as well as the phyfician, was hired to fettle among them; and the nation wa civilized by the Greek city. The emperor Adrian embelli ed Athens with a noble libra and a new Gymnafium, and ftored fcience to its ancient Lollianus, an Ephe raifed to the high fophiftical throne wards filled by Atticus Herodes, and by other eminent and illuftrious perfons. The number of profeflors was increafed by Antoninus the philofopher, who had ftudied under Herodes. His eftablishment confifted of thirteen; two Platonifts, as many Peripatetics, Stoics, and Epicureans, with two Rhetoricians and Civilians; and a prefident ftyled Prefect of the Youth. The ftudent proceeded from the philofopher to the rhetorician, and then to the civilian. A yearly falary of fix hundred aurei or pieces of gold was annexed to each of the philofophical chairs; and one of a talent to thofe of the civilians. The profeffors, unless appointed by the emperors, were elected after folemn examination by the principal magiftrates. Education now flourished in all its branches at Athens. The Ro man world reforted to its fchoo and reputation and riches awa the able preceptor. The mind was duly prepared manly ftudies of philo eloquence. Age an followed by pro advance ulled a de ein ge ld af The Greeks may be regarded as 1 the reprefentatives of the old AtheDians, We have related, that, on - our arrival in the Piraus, an Archon came from the city to receive the us. The learned reader was perit haps touched by that refpectable title, and annexed to it fome portion of its claffical importance; but the Archons are now, mere names, except a tall fur-cap, and a fuller and better drefs than is worn by the inferior claffes. Some have shops in the Bazar, fome are merchants, or farmers of the public revenue. The families flyled Archontic, are eight or ten in number; moftly on the decline. The perfon, who met us, was of one reckoned very ancient, which, by his account, had been fettled at Athens about three hundred years, or after Mahomet the Second. His-patrimony had fuffered from the extortions of a tyrannical Vaiwode, but he had repaired the lafs by trade, and by renting petty governments. The ordinary habit of the meaner citizens is a red fkull cap, a jacket, and a fash round the middle Peches or trowfers, whi in that ore equal ow-citizens, e degree, of The fame bas foftened - corrupted their many have fore1abftinence from freely, except durzan or Lent. Some g lapfe have re-afigidly adhere to it, as gravity of a beard, and of paternal authority. the families date their at from, the taking of the hey are reckoned at about dred. Their number, omparatively fmall, is fufficient to keep the A "ge order was treated with feverity by Valens his fucceffor, becaufe fome of them, to animate their party, had foretold that the next emperor would be a Gentile. They were addicted to divination and magic, and it was pretended, had partly difcovered his name. The habit was not wholly laid afide. In the next reign, a fedition happened at Alexandria, when Olympius a philofopher, wearing the cloke, was exceedingly active, urging the Gentiles to repel the reformers, and not to remit of their zeal or be disheartened because they were difpoffeffed of their idols; for the powers, which had inhabited them, were, he afferted, flown away into Heaven. The heathen philofophers gradually disappeared; but the Chriftian, their fucceffors, are not yet extinct, ftill flourishing in catholic countries, and differing not less than the ancient fects, in drefs, tenets, and rules of living. The decline of philofophy muft have deeply affected the profperity of Athens. A gradual desertion of the place followed. Minerva could no longer protect her city. Its beauty was violated by the proconful, who ftripped Poecile of its precious paintings. It was forfaken by good fortune, and would have lingered in decay, but the Barbarians interpofed, and fuddenly completed its downfall. When the Goths were in poffeffion of it in the time of Claudius, two hundred and fixty-nine years after Chrift, they amaffed all the books, intending, it is related, to burn them; but defifted, on a reprefentation that the Greeks were diverted by the amufements of ftudy from military purfuits. Alaric, under Arcadius and Honorius, was not afraid of their becoming fol diers. The city was pillaged, and the libraries were confumed. Devaftation then reigned within, and folitude without its walls. The fweet firens, the vocal nightingales, as the Sophifts are fondly ftyled, were heard' no more. Phi lofophy and eloquence were exiled, and their ancient feat occupied by ignorant honey-factors of Mount Hymettus. Athens, after it was abandoned by the Goths, continued, it is likely, for ages to preferve the race of its remaining inhabitants unchanged, and uniform in language and manners. History is filent of its fuffering from later incurfions, from wars, and maffacres. Plenty and the profpect of advantage produces new fettlers; but, where no trade exifts, employment will be wanting, and Attica was never celebrated for fertility. The plague has not' been, as at Smyrna, a frequent vifitant; becaufe the intercourfe fubfifting with the iflands and other places has been fmall, and the port is at a diftance. The plague defcribed by Thucydides began in the Piræus, and the Athenians at firft believed that the enemy had' poifoned the wells. If, from inadvertency, the infection be now admitted into the town, the Turks as well as the Greeks have the prudence to retire to their houses in the country, or to the monafteries, and it feldom prevails either fo long or fo terribly as in cities on the coaft. A colony of new proprietors was introduced into Athens by Mahomet the Second; but the people fecured fome privileges by their capitulation, and have fince obtained more more by addrefs or money. The Turk has favoured the fpot, and bestowed on it a milder tyranny. The Killar Aga or chief of the black eunuchs at Conftantinople is their patron; and by him the Turkish magiftrates are appointed. The Vaiwode purchases his government yearly, but circumfpection and moderation are requifite in exacting the revenue, and the ufual concomitants of his ftation are un eafinefs, apprehenfion, and danger. The impatience of oppreffion, when general, begets public vengeance. The Turks and their vaffals have united, feized and cut their tyrants in pieces, or forced them to feek refuge in the mountains or in the Acropolis. An infurrection had happened not many years before we arrived, and the diftrefs, which followed from want of water in the fortrefs, was defcribed to us as extreme. " Chriftians fully fenfible of their maftery. The Turks poffefs from their childhood an habitual fuperiority, and awe with a look the loftieft vaffal. Their deportment is often ftern and haughty. Many in private life are diftinguished by ftrict honour, by punctuality, and uprightnefs in their dealings; and almost all by external fanctity of manners. If they are narrow minded in the extreme, it is the refult of a confined education; and an avaricious temper is a natural confequence of their rapacious government. The Turks of Athens are in general more polite, focial, and affable, than is common in that ftately race; living on more equal terms with their fellow-citizens, and partaking, in fome degree, of the Greek character. The fame intermixture, which has foftened their aufterity, has corrupted their temperance; and many have foregone the national abftinence from wine, drinking freely, except during their Ramazan or Lent. Some too after a long lapfe have re-affumed, and rigidly adhere to it, as fuiting the gravity of a beard, and the decorum of paternal authority. Several of the families date their fettlement from, the taking of the city. They are reckoned at about three hundred. Their number, though comparatively fmall, is more than fufficient to keep the us. The Greeks may be regarded as the reprefentatives of the old Athenians, We have related, that, on our arrival in the Piræus, an Archon came from the city to receive The learned reader was perhaps touched by that refpectable title, and annexed to it fome portion of its claffical importance; but the Archons are now, mere names, except a tall fur-cap, and a fuller and better drefs than is worn by the inferior claffes. Some have fhops in the Bazar, fome are merchants, or farmers of the public revenue. The families ftyled Archontic, are eight or ten in number; moftly on the decline. The perfon, who met us, was of one reckoned very ancient, which, by his account, had been fettled at Athens about three hundred years, or after Mahomet the Second. His patrimony had fuffered from the extortions of a tyrannical Vaiwode, but he had repaired the lofs by trade, and by renting petty governments. The ordinary habit of the meaner citizens is a red fkull,cap, a jacket, and a fath round the middle, loofe breeches or trowfers, which tie with a large B 4 knot |