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And to him said, go now, proud miscreant, Thyself thy message do to german dear.

Spenser. Faerie Queene.

Wert thou a bear, thou wouldst he killed by the horse; wert thou a horse, thou wouldst be seized by the leopard; wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion, and the spots of thy kindred were juries on thy life. Shakspeare. Timon.

Not he alone shall suffer what wit can make heavy, and vengeance make bitter; but those that are german to him, though removed fifty times, shall come under the hangman. Shakespeare. You'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have coursers for cousins, and genets for germans.

Id.

They knew it was their cousin german, the famous Amphialus.

Sidney. GERMAN OCEAN, otherwise called the North Sea, an extensive branch of the Atlantic on the north-west coast of Europe, bounded on the south by the straits of Calais, and on the north by the Orkney and Shetland Islands. The waters of this sea are salter than those of the Baltic, but less so than those of the main Ocean, and they contain a large portion of unctuous matter, and marine plants. The fisheries on the Dogger Bank, as well as on the shores that bound this sea, viz. those of Britain, Holland, Denmark, and Norway, are extensive: they are still greater northward i. e. in the direction of the Orkney and Shetland Islands. This has accordingly been the nursery for seamen in Europe. Throughout its whole extent the tides prevail, but rise highest on the coasts of Lower Saxony and Holland, where the formation of the Zuyder Zee in the thirteenth century, by a great eruption, and the destruction of a whole island on the coast of Sleswick in 1634, were awful proofs of their

power.

ebb-tibe from the entrance of the Frith of Forth no less than 110 miles, while the Denmark and Jutland banks may also be traced from the entrance of the Baltic, upwards of 105 miles in a north-western direction. Besides these, we have also that other great central range of banks known under the common appellation of the Dogger Bank, which is subdivided by the navigator into the Long-Bank, the White-Bank, and the Well-Bank, including an extent of upwards of 354 miles from north to south. There are also a vast number of shoals and sand-banks, lying wholly to the southward of our section, between Flamborough-Head and Heligoland. Altogether, therefore, the superficies of these extensive banks is found to occupy no inconsiderable portion of the whole area of the German Ocean; the surface of which, in making these investigations, has been estimated to contain about 153,709 square miles, while the aggregate superficial contents of the sand-banks alone amount to no less than 27,443 square miles, or include an area of about five and three quarters of the whole surface of this Sea.

On the temperature of the German Ocean, the following observations were made in 1821 by Mr. John Murray :

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Feb. 22. Seven miles off Huntley Foot, Fahr.
(River Tees), depth forty fa-
thoms, at 10h 30′ A. M.
Four miles off Red Cliff (to
southward), depth, say thirty-
five fathoms, at 10 o'clock
P. M.

Three miles off Whitby, depth
twenty-eight fathoms, at 4h
22' A. M.

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seven fathoms, at 8 o'clock
A. M.,.
Two miles off Spurn Lights,
depth 7.25 fathoms, at 9h 22′
A. M.

The German Ocean may be considered as di- Feb. 23. Two miles off Kelsey, depth vided into two unequal parts by the Dogger Bank, which traverses it in almost all its width, and is traditionally said to have been formerly a tract of dry land, joined to Jutland. The extent of this sea from south to north, between the parallels of latitude quoted above, is reckoned by Mr. Stevenson at 233 leagues, and its greatest breadth from west to east, from St. Abb's-Head, on the coast of Scotland, to Ring Kiobing Froid, on the opposite shore of Denmark, at 135 leagues. Feb. 24. In the Humber, three miles from The greatest depth of the water in this basin seems to be upon the Norwegian side, where the soundings give 190 fathoms; but the mean depth of the whole may be stated at only about thirtyone fathoms.

The water gradually deepens from south to north, varying, after an irregular progression, from 120 fathoms towards the northern extremity to fifty-eight, thirty-eight, twenty-four and eighteen fathoms, as we proceed southwards, to within five miles of the shore, and the whole bottom preserving the character of a great bay encumbered with numerous sand-banks. These great accumulations of debris, especially in the middle or central parts, and along the shores towards what may be termed the apex of the bay, extend from the river Thames along the shores of Holland, &c., to the Baltic. One of these great central banks, known to mariners as the Long Forties, tends north-east in the direction of the

Three miles off Spurn Lamps,
mouth of the Humber, depth
seven fathoms, 10 o'clock
P.M..

Hull, at 9 o'clock A. M.

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40.75

41

37.5

38

38

. 35.75

GERMANIA, in ancient geography, an extensive country of Europe, bounded on the north by the Baltic (Mare Suevicum), on the east by the Vistula, on the south by the Danube, and on the west by the Rhine and the German Ocean. The origin of the name has been much disputed, but the most probable derivation is from 'ghar man' (Celtic, a warlike man) from Teut. geier, or guer, a sword, whence Span. guerra; Fr. guerre, war. Many of the best authorities however derive it from Lat. germanus, a relative, as having been given by the Celts, who were probably sprung from the same stock, viz. the Gomerians. The Romans divided Germania into two regions, viz. Germania Superior, and Germania Inferior, which were separated only by the Rhine.

Germania Superior, or Upper Germany, comprised the whole country between the Rhine and

the Danube. Between the Rhine and Elbe were the following nations:-1. The Chauci, Upper and Lower, who were divided from each other by the river Visurges, now the Weser. Their country contained what is now called Bremen, Lunenburg, Friesland, and Groningen. The Upper Chauci had the Cherusci, and the Lower the Chamavi on the south-east, and the German Ocean on the north-west. 2. The Frisii, Upper and Lower, were divided from the Lower Chauci by the river Amisia, now the Ems; and from one another by an arm of the Rhine. Their country still retains the name of Friesland. 3. Beyond the Isela (now the Yssel), which bounded the country of the Frisii, were situated the Bructeri, who inhabited that tract now called Broecmorland; and the Marsi, about the river Luppe. On the other side of that river were the Usippii, or Usipites; but these were famed for often changing their territories, and therefore found in other places. 4. Next to these were the Juones, or inhabitants of Juliers, between the Maese and the Rhine. 5. The Catti, another ancient and warlike nation, inhabited Hesse and Thuringia, from the Hartz Mountains to the Rhine and Weser; among whom were comprehended the Mattiaci, whose capital is by some thought to be Marpurg, by others Baden. 6. Next to these were the Seducii, bordering upon Suabia; Narisci, or the ancient inhabitants of Northgow, whose capital was Nuremberg; and the Marcomanni, whose country anciently reached from the Rhine to the head of the Danube, and to the Neckar. The Marcomanni afterwards settled in Bohemia and Moravia, under their general or king Maroboduus, and some of them in Gaul, whence they drove the Boii, who had seated themselves there. 7. On the other side of the Danube, and between the Rhine and that river, were the Hermunduri, who possessed the country now called Misnia in Upper Saxony; though some make their territories to have extended much further, and to have reached to, or even beyond, Bohemia, then the seat of the Boii, whence its name. 8. Beyond them, on the north of the Danube, was another seat of the Marcomanni, along the river Albis, or Elbe. 9. Next to Bohemia were situated the Quadi, whose territories extended from the Danube to Moravia, and the northern part of Austria. These are comprehended under the ancient name of Suevi; part of whom at length forced their way into Spain, and settled a kingdom there. 10. Eastward of the Quadi were situated the Bastarna, and parted from them by the Grauna, now Gran, a river that falls into the Danube; and by the Carpathian Mountains, from them called Alpes Bastarnica. The country of the Bastarnæ indeed made part of the European Sarmatia, and was therefore without the limits of Germany, properly so called; but we find these people so often in league with the German nations, and joining them for the destruction of the Romans, that we cannot but account them as one people. Between those nations, seated along the other side of the Danube and the Hercynian forest, were several others whose exact situation is uncertain, viz. the Martigni, Burii, Borades, Lygii, or Logiones,

and some others, who are placed by geographers along the forest above-mentioned, between the Danube and the Vistula.

On this side the Hercynian forest were the famed Rhætii (now Grisons), seated among the Alps. Their country, which was also called Western Illyricum, was divided into Rhætia Prima, or Propria, and Secunda; and was then of much larger extent, spreading itself towards Suabia, Bavaria, and Austria. On the other side of the Hercynian forest were, 1. The Suevi, who spread themselves from the Vistula to the river Elbe. 2. The Longobardi, so called, according to some, on account of their wearing long beards; but according to others, on account of their consisting of two nations, viz. the Bardi and Lingones. These dwelt along the river Elbe, and bordered southward on the Chauci above-mentioned. 3. The Burgundi, possessing a part of Poland. 4. The Semnones, who, about the time of Tiberius, were seated on the river Elbe. 5. The Angles, Saxons, and Goths, were probably the descendants of the Cimbri; and inhabited the countries of Denmark, along the Baltic Sea, and the peninsula of Scandinavia, containing Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and Finmark. 6. The Vandals were a Gothic nation, who, proceeding from Scandinavia, settled in the countries now called Mecklenburgh and Brandenburgh. 7. Of the same race were the Dacians, who settled themselves in the neighbourhood of Palus Mæotis, and extended their territories along the banks of the Danube.

Germania Inferior, or Lower Germany, lay between the Seine and the Rhine; and in this we find a number of different nations, the most remarkable of which were the following:-1. The Ubii, whose territory lay between the Rhine and the Mosa (or Maese), and whose capital was Cologne. 2. Next to them were the Tungri, supposed to be the same whom Cæsar calls Eburones and Condrusi; and whose metropolis, then called Attuatica, has since been named Tongres. 3. Higher up from them, and on the other side of the Moselle, were the Treviri, whose capital was Augusta Trevirorum, now Triers, 4. Next to them were the Tribosci, Nemotes, and Vangiones. The former dwelt in Alsace, and had Argentoratum, now Strasburg, for their capital: the others inhabited the cities of Worms, Spire, and Mentz. 5 The Mediomatrici were situated along the Moselle, about the city of Metz in Lorraine: and above them were situated another German nation, named Raurici, Rauraci, or Rauriaci, who inhabited that part of Helvetia above Basil. To the west and south of these were the Narvi, Suessones, Silvanectes, Leuci, Rhemi, Lingones, &c., who inhabited Belgic Gaul. Between the heads of the Rhine and Danube was seated the ancient kingdom of Vindelicia, whose capital was called Augusta Vindelicorum, now Augsburg. Below it, on the banks of the Danube, were the kingdoms of Noricum and Pannonia. The first of these was divided into Noricum Ripense and Mediterraneum. It contained a great part of the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Bavaria, and some others of less note. The latter con

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The Black Forest. The Odenwald. Abenow.

The Sieben-bergen. The Hayrich, &c. The ancient history of the Germans is altogether wrapped in obscurity; nor do we, for many ages, know any thing more of them than what we learn from the history of their wars with the Romans. The first time they are mentioned by the Roman historians is about A. A. C. 211, when Marcellus subdued Insubria and Liguria, and defeated the Gæsatæ, a German nation, situated on the banks of the Rhine. From this time history is silent with regard to all these northern nations, till the eruption of the Cimbri and Teutones, who inhabited the most northerly parts of Germany. See ROME. We also find mention made of the Scordisci, a Thracian nation, who afterwards settled on the banks of the Danube. About A. A. C. 113 they ravaged Macedon, and cut off a whole Roman army sent against them; the general, M. Porcius Cato, grandson to Cato the censor, being the only person who escaped. After this they ravaged all Thessaly, and advanced to the coasts of the

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Adriatic, into which, because it stopped their further progress, they discharged a shower of darts. By another Roman general however they were driven back into their own country with great slaughter; and, soon after, Metellus so weakened them by repeated defeats, that they were incapable, for some time, of making any more attempts on the Roman provinces. At last,, in the consulship of M. Livius Drusus and L. Calpurnius Piso, the former prevailed on them to pass the Danube, which thenceforth became the boundary between the Romans and them. Notwithstanding this, in the time of the Jugurthine war, the Scordisci repassed the Danube on the ice every winter, and being joined by the Triballi, a people of Lower Mæsia, and the Daci of Upper Mæsia, penetrated as far as Macedon, committing every where dreadful ravages. Till the time of Julius Cæsar, however, we hear nothing more concerning the Germans.

About A. A. C. 58 Cæsar undertook his expedition into Gaul, during which his assistance was implored by the Edui against Ariovistus, a German prince, who oppressed them. Cæsar, pleased with this opportunity of increasing his power, invited Ariovistus to an interview; but, this being declined, he next sent deputies, desiring him to restore the hostages he had taken from the Edui, and to bring no more troops over the Rhine into Gaul. To this a haughty answer was returned; and a battle soon after ensued, in which Ariovistus was entirely defeated, and with great difficulty made his escape. In A. A. C. 55, Cæsar having subdued the Suessones, Bellovaci, Ambiani, Nervii, and other nations of Belgic Gaul, hastened to oppose the Usipetes and Tencteri. These nations, having been driven out of their own country by the Suevi, had crossed the Rhine with a design to settle in Gaul. As soon as he appeared, the Germans sent him a deputation, offering to join him, provided he would assign them lands. Cæsar replied, that there was no room in Gaul for them; but he would desire the Ubii to give them leave to settle among them. Upon this, they desired time to treat with the Ubii; but in the mean time fell upon some Roman squadrons, which so provoked Cæsar, that he immediately marched against them, and, coming unexpectedly upon them, defeated them with great slaughter. They fled in the utmost confusion; but the Romans pursued them to the conflux of the Rhine and the Maese, where the slaughter was renewed with such fury, that about 400,000 of the Germans perished. After this, Cæsar, being resolved to spread the terror of the Roman name through Germany, built a bridge over the Rhine, and entered that country. In this expedition, however, which was his last in Germany, he performed no remarkable exploit.

Nothing further is recorded of the Germans till about A. A. C. 17, when the Tencteri made an irruption into Gaul, and defeated M. Lollius, proconsul of that province. At last, however, they were repulsed, and forced to retire with great loss beyond the Rhine. Soon after this the Rhætii invaded Italy, where they committed the greatest devastations, putting all the males they met to the sword, without distinction of age; and, when they happened to take women with

child, they consulted their augurs to know whether the child was a male or female; and if they pronounced it a male, the mother was immediately massacred. Against these barbarians was sent Drusus, the second son of Livia, a youth of extraordinary valor, and great accomplishments. He brought them to a battle, in which the Romans proved victorious, and cut in pieces great numbers of them with very little loss. Those who escaped the general slaughter, being joined by the Vindelici, took their rout towards Gaul, with a design to invade that province. But Augustus, upon the first notice of their march, despatched against them Tiberius, with several chosen legions. He was no less successful than Drusus had been; for having transported his troops over the lake Brigantium (now Constance) he fell unexpectedly on the enemy, gave them a total overthrow, took most of their strong holds, and obliged the whole nation to submit to his own terms. Tiberius, to keep the conquered countries in awe, planted two colonies in Vindelicia, and opened from thence a road into Rhætia and Noricum. One of the cities which he built for the defence of his colonies he called, from his father Drusus, Drusomagus; the other by the name of Augustus, Augusta Vindelicorum. He next encountered the Pannonians, who had been subdued by Agrippa, but revolted on hearing the news of that great commander's death, which happened A. A. Č. 11. Tiberius, however, with the assistance of the Scordisci, soon forced them to submit. They delivered up their arms, gave hostages, and put the Romans in possession of all their towns and strong holds. Tiberius spared their lives, but laid waste their fields, plundered their cities, and sent the finest of their youth into other countries. In the mean time Drusus, having prevented the Gauls from revolting, prepared to oppose the Germans who dwelt beyond the Rhine. They had collected the most numerous and formidable army that had ever been seen in those parts; with which they were advancing towards the Rhine, to invade Gaul. Drusus, however, defeated them, as they attempted to cross that river; and, pursuing his advantage, entered the country of the Usipetes, now Relinchusen, and thence advanced against the Sicambri, in the neighbourhood of the Lyppe and Yssel. Them he overthrew in a great battle, laid waste their country, burnt most of their cities, and, following the course of the Rhine, approached the German Ocean, reducing the Frisii and the Chauci between the Ems and the Elbe. In these marches the troops suffered extremely for want of provisions; and Drusus himself was often in great danger of being drowned, as the Romans who attended him were quite unacquainted with the flux and reflux of the tide. The Roman forces went into East Friesland for winter quarters; and next year (A. A. C. 10) Drusus marched against the Tencteri, whom he easily subdued. Afterwards, passing the Lupias (now the Lyppe), he reduced the Catti and Cherusci, extending his conquests to the banks of the Visurgis (or Weser); which he would have passed, had he not been in want of provisions, the enemy having laid waste the whole country. As he was retiring, the Germans

unexpectedly fell upon him in a narrow passage, and, having surrounded the Roman army, cut a great number of them in pieces. But Drusus having animated his men, after a bloody conflict, which lasted the whole day, the Germans were defeated with such slaughter, that the ground was strewed for several miles with dead bodies. Drusus found in their camp a great quantity of iron chains, which they had brought for the Romans; and so great was their confidence, that they had agreed before hand about the division of the booty. After this victory, Drusus built two forts to keep the conquered countries in awe; the one at the confluence of the Lyppe and the Alme, the other in the country of the Catti on the Rhine. He also made a famous canal, called in honor of him Fossa Drusiana, to convey the waters of the Rhine into the Sala. It extended eight miles, and was very convenient for conveying the Roman troops by water to the countries of the Frisii and Chauci. The following year (A. A. C. 9) Augustus, bent on subduing the whole of Germany, advanced to the banks of the Rhine, attended by Tiberius and Drusus. The former he sent against the Daci, who lived up to the south of the Danube; and the latter to complete the conquest he had so successfully begun in the western parts of Germany. The former easily overcame the Daci, and transplanted 40,000 of them into Gaul. The latter, having passed the Rhine, subdued all the nations from that river to the Elbe; but, having attempted in vain to cross this last, he set out for Rome: an end, however, was put to his conquests and his life by a violent fever, with which he was seized on his return.

After the death of Drusus, Tiberius again overran all those countries in which Drusus had spent the preceding summer; and struck some of the northern nations with such terror, that they sent deputies to sue for peace. This, however, they could not obtain upon any terms; the emperor declaring that he would not conclude a peace with one, unless they all desired it. But the Catti, or according to some the Sicambri, could not be prevailed upon to submit; so that the war was carried on, though in a languid manner, for about eighteen years. During this period, some of the German nations had quitted their forests, and began to live in a civilised manner under the protection of the Romans; but Quinctilius Varus being sent to command the Roman forces in that country, he so provoked the inhabitants by his extortions, that not only those who still held out refused to submit, but even the nations that had submitted were seized with an eager desire of throwing off the yoke. Among these was a young chieftain of extraordinary skill and valor, named Arminius. He was the son of Sigimer, one of the most powerful chiefs among the Catti, had served with great reputation in the Roman armies, and been honored by Augustus with the privileges of a Roman citizen, and the title of knight. But, his patriotism and ambition prevailing over his gratitude, he resolved to improve the general discontent among his countrymen, to deliver them from the Roman yoke. With this view he engaged the leading men of all the nations between

the Rhine and the Elbe, in a conspiracy against the Romans. To put Varus off his guard, he advised him to show himself to the inhabitants of the more distant provinces, administer justice among them, and accustom them to live after the Roman manner. Varus, being a man of a peaceable temper, readily consented to this insidious proposal; and, leaving the neighbourhood of the Rhine, marched into the country of the Cherusci. Having there spent some time in hearing causes, Arminius persuaded him to weaken his army, by sending out detachments to clear the country of robbers. This done, some distant nations of Germany rose up in arms by Arminius's directions; while those through which Varus was to pass in marching against them, pretended to be in a state of tranquillity, and ready to join the Romans against their enemies. On the first news of the revolt, Varus marched against the enemy with three legions and six cohorts; but, being attacked by the Germans as he passed through a wood, his army was almost totally cut off, while he himself and most of his officers fell by their own hands.

This terrible overthrow, though it raised a general consternation in Rome, did not, however, cause Augustus to abandon his enterprise. About two years after (A. D. 12) Tiberius and Germanicus were appointed to command in Germany. The death of Augustus, which happened soon after, prevented Tiberius from going on his expedition; and Germanicus was for some time hindered from proceeding in his, by a revolt of the legions, first in Pannonia, and then in Germany. About A. D. 15 Germanicus, having brought over the soldiers to their duty, laid a bridge across the Rhine, over which he marched 12,000 legionaries, twenty-six cohorts of the allies, and eight alæ (squadrons of 300 each) of horse. With these he first traversed the Cœsian forest (part of the Hercynian, supposed to lie partly in the duchy of Cleves, and partly in Westphalia). On his march he was informed, that the Marsi were cele brating a festival with great mirth and jollity. Upon this he advanced with such expedition, that he surprised them in the midst of their debauch; a terrible massacre ensued, and the country was destroyed with fire and sword for fifty miles round, without the loss of a single man on the part of the Romans. This general massacre roused the Bructeri, the Tubantes, and the Usipetes; who, besetting the passes through which the Roman army was to return, fell upon the rear, and put them into disorder; but the Romans soon recovered themselves, and defeated the Germans with considerable loss. The following year, (A. D. 16) Germanicus, taking advantage of some intestine broils which happened among the Catti, entered their country, where he put great numbers to the sword. Most of their youth, however, escaped by swimming over the Adrana (now the Eder), and attempted to prevent the Romans from laying a bridge over that river: but, being disappointed in this, some of them submitted to Germanicus, while the greater part, abandoning their villages, took refuge in the woods; so that the Romans, without opposition, set fire to all their towns and

villages; and, having burnt their capital, began their march back to the Rhine. Germanicus had scarcely reached his camp, when he received a message from Segestes, a German prince, in the interest of the Romans, acquainting him that he was besieged in his camp by Arminius. On this he instantly marched against the besiegers, entirely defeated them, and took a great number of prisoners; among whom was Thufneldis, the wife of Arminius, and daughter of Segestes, whom the former had carried off, and married against her father's will. Arminius enraged by the loss of his wife, whom he tenderly loved, stirred up all the neighbouring nations against the Romans. Germanicus, to avoid engaging such numerous forces at once, detached his lieutenant Cæcina, at the head of forty cohorts, into the territories of the Bructeri; his cavalry, under the command of Pedo, entered the country of the Frisii; while he himself embarked the remainder of his army, consisting of four legions, on a neighbouring lake; and transported them by rivers and canals to the place appointed on the Ems, where the three bodies met. In their march they found the sad remains of the legions conducted by Varus, which they buried with all the ceremony their circumstances could admit. After this they advanced against Arminius, who retired and posted himself advantageously close to a wood. The Roman general, coming up with him, ordered his cavalry to advance and attack the enemy. Arminius, at their first approach, pretended to fly; but suddenly wheeled about, and giving the signal to a body of troops, whom he had concealed in the wood, to rush out, obliged the cavalry to give ground. The cohorts then advanced to their relief; but they too were put into disorder, and would have been pushed into a morass, had not Germanicus himself advanced with the rest of the cavalry to their relief. Arminius did not think it prudent to engage these fresh troops, but retired in good order; upon which Germanicus also retired towards the Ems. Here he embarked with four legions, ordered Cæcina to reconduct the other four by land, and sent the cavalry to the sea-side, with orders to march along the shore to the Rhine. Though Cæcina was to return by roads well known, yet Germanicus advised him to pass, with all possible speed, a causeway, called the long bridges, which led across vast marshes, surrounded on all sides with woods and hills. Arminius, having got notice of this, arrived at the long bridges before him, and filled the woods with his men; who, on the approach of the Romans, rushed out, and attacked them with great fury. The legions, unable to manage their arms in the marshy ground, were obliged to yield; and would have been entirely defeated, had not night put an end to the combat. The Germans, encouraged by their success, instead of sleeping spent the whole night in diverting the courses of the rivulets which rose in the neighbouring mountains; so that, before day, the camp of the Romans was laid under water, and their works were overturned. Cæcina at last resolved to attack the enemy by day-break, and, having driven them to their woods, to keep them there till the baggage and wounded men should pass

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