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fig. 5, by в and F. You see that the crust of the earth has been thickened by accessions from below. It is evident that these rocks may be in the course of forming below, notwithstanding that the upper crust of A may not have been in the least affected by them. The stupendous chemistry which has Fig. 5. the power of destroying class of rocks, has also the power of forming new ones. The crust A may continue for ages undisturbed and unaffected, while the rocks B and F, at great depths, are passing from a solid into a fluid state, and then consolidating themselves again, so as to acquire a lithological character perfectly new.

D, and also to form another "dike" under G. When the heat
becomes diminished in intensity, the rock F cools, hardens,
and crystallises, and forms a roof below в as в did below A.
The burning sea of fused matter having thrown off its old
surface, begins again to melt and wear away deeper rocks
at its bottom, and other
rocks at its sides. It
again acquires intensity
of action and accession
of mass, and with them,
a fresh elevating force
that seeks a vent. The
crust is again cracked
and rent at H, I, and
from depths greater
than those of any
former eruption; and
through the crystallised
or calcined beds F and
B, which had been
formed by other erup-
tions along the concave
side of the arch, melted

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THE UNEQUAL DEPTHS OF THE SOURCES OF DISSIMILAR ERUPTIVE ROCKS.

matter is again thrown up to the surface at 1, where a new mountain K is formed, differing in composition from both the preceding eruptive rocks. The same process and the same results may be repeated again and again by the same Plutonic lake; or another Plutonic sea may be acting on a different material of the crust, and may form a rock, either on the surface, or in a dike, different in structure from all the others.

The difference, in the lithological structure of these eruptive rocks, does not always depend on the unequal depths from which they have been thrown up: it will also depend on the circumstance whether the eruption has taken place on the surface in the open air, or at great depth under the

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Propero 1, I hasten; finis, is, m. an end; mors, mortis, f. death; arma, orum, pl. arms; Galli, órum, the Gauls, the French; Rhenus, i, m. the Rhine; generosus, a, um, generous; victus, a, um, conquered; cometa, ae, m. a comet; raritas, átis, 1. rarity; species, ei, f. appearance, beauty; mirabilis, e, admirable; navigatio, ónis, f. navigation; periculosus, a, um, dangerous (E. R. perilous) causa, ae, f. a cause, a reason (E. R. to cause, excuse); cadúcus, a, um, falling, perishable; odium, i, n. hatred; seges, segeris, f. a field of corn; Pluto, ónis, Pluto, the ruler of the lower regions in classical mythology; piscis, is, m. a fish; exspiro 1, I breathe out, expire, die camélus, i, m. a camel; pictus, a, un, painted (E. R. picture); vestis, is, f. a garment (E. R.

A

This may have been the case, in ancient geological time, with granite, gneiss, hornblende, &c. On this account, Sir Charles Lyell has called these kinds of rocks "hypogene," a term derived from the Greek uno, under, and yivouai, to be, to be born, or to be produced. The name is intended to imply the hypothesis that rocks such as granite, hornblende, schist, certain porphyries, and other crystalline formations, are "netherformed" rocks. They are supposed to be constituted and composed beneath the earth's crust, and not formed by cooling after they had been erupted to the surface. The hypothesis also supposes that these nether-formed rocks may be brought to view by the denuding action of water, which may cut deep into the overlying beds; and thus, by valleys of denudation, as well as by the uplifting and tilting action of eruptive rocks, expose some of the lowest rocks in the crust of the globe.

vest); commemoro 1, I mention, speak of; congrego 1, I meet together (E. R. congregation); depascor 1, I feed upon; metus, ûs, m. fear; officium, i, n. duty (E. R. official).

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos; propero ad mortem; Galli habitant trans Rhenum; nulla babemus arma contra mortem ; vir generosus mitis est erga victos; cometae ob raritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles; servi parent propter metum, boni propter officium; navigatio juxta litus saepe est periculosa; nemo est beatus ante mortem; quam ob causam (ob quam causam) rides? infra luna omnia sunt caduca; multos per annos (per multos annos) inter barbaros habitas; Plutónis regnum infra terram ponitur; imperium populorum est penes reges; pisces extra aquam exspirant; res praeter opinionem cadit; camelus odium adversus equos gerit; pictae vestes apud Homerum commemorantur; multa animalia congregantur et contra alia dimicant; Hippótămus segetes circa Nilum depascitur.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

There is no faithful society among the bad; man has no arms against death; beyond death is life; we hasten to the Rhine; the friends are before the house; my sons are at my house (apud me); are your children at your house? the king is mild towards the conquered; after death good men are happy; what is (there) below the earth? God is above and through all things; men dwell below the clouds; my children are in my power; in (apud) Cicero are many beautiful sayings (dicta); I love the country on account of thee (on thy account); the soldiers are within the walls.

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PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE ABLATIVE CASE.
A, before consonants
Ab, before vowels
Abs, before t and qu
Ab'sque, without

}

or

from

Clam, without the knowledge of
Co'ram, in the presence of
Cum, with
De, concerning

consonants

In, in

}

out of

Præ, before (of place, denoting

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Te'nus, as far as (stands after its Cum is united with pronouns, thus: te cum, with thee; vobis'cum, with you; nobis'cum, with us.

VCABULARY.

Hebcsco 3, I grow dull; senectus, útis, f. old age; aquila, ae, f.

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS AS USED IN COMBINATION WI
VERBS, &C.

PREPOSITIONS.

A, away, from
Ad, to

an eagle: e ccyx, gis, m. a cuckoo; pario 3, I bring forth: alienus, a,
um, another 8 (is R alienate; nidus, i, m a nest; visus, ûs, m. the
sight. ítus, ùs, m. the hearing; debilito 1, I weaken; dens, dentis,
T a tooth (E. R. dentist); ni ifio 1, I build a nest; sinus, ûs, m. a
bosom: X raes, is, m. Xerxes, a Persian monarch; inventus, a, um,
discovered; inventus est, was discovered; aufugio 3, I fee; Metellus, Am'bi, on both sides, round
i, . Metellus, a Roman commander; elephantus, i, m. an elephant ;
triumphus, i, m. a triumph; cant 1, I sing; latro, ónis, m. a robber;
sidna, cris, n. the stars, the constellations, Phoenices, um, m. the Pheni-
cians; apes, apis, f. a bee; intans, antis, an infant; opes, opis, f.
aid; morior 3, I die; mori, to die; viator, óris, m. a traveller; ve-
num, i, n. poison; remedium, i, n. a remedy (E. R. remedial); ortus,
ûs, m. a rising: occasus, as, a sitting; aliquando, adv. sometimes;
possum, I am able; potest, is able, has power; nihil potest, has no
power; commeo 2, I move, proceed; unquam, ever.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

An'te, before
Circum, around
Cum, teith
Con'tra, against
De, down

Dis, apart, in different directions
E, out of, out and out, thoroughly

In, into

In'ter, between
In'tro, within

Ob, against
Per, through, thoroughly

Post, after
Præ, before

Venenum aliquando est pro remedio; infans nihil potest sine aliena ope; aquilae nidificant in arboribus, coccyx parit in alienis nidis; senectute hebescunt sensus; quidam homines nati sunt cum dentibus; Xerxes cum paucissimus militibus ex Graecia aufugit, Metellus elephantos ducit in triumpho; cantat coram latrone via- Præter, along, by tor; sidera ab ortu solis ad occasum commeant; Britannia a Phoe-Pro, forwards nicibus inventa est; apes sine rege esse non possunt; dulce est pro patria mori.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Re, back
Retro, backwards
Se, apart
Sub, under

Su'per, over

Trans, across

FORMS INTO WHICH THEY PO ab, abs, au

ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, a amb, am

circun, circu

co, cog, col, com, con, cor

di, dif, dir
ex, ef

i, il, im, ir
intel

o, oc, of, og, op, os pe, pel

prod, pol, por

red

su, sue, suf, sug, sul, sum, pre

Remark that in, not, changes the n like in, into.
FORMATION AND CONNEXION OF WORDS.

Is poison ever a remedy? Xerxes fights in Greece; in old age Subter, beneath the sight and the hearing are weakened; does the cuckoo build in another's nest? thy sister sings before many (persons); they hasten from the west to the east; coming out of Greece the army hastens into Italy; Metellus with many soldiers is in Britain; my son is born without teeth; is the army without elephants? the elephants are led in triumph by the general; is it sweet to die for (one's) country? what are mortals without the aid of God? do all birds build (their) nests in trees? the boy is in the house without the knowledge of his father; it is sweet to see infants happy in the bosom of their mother; is thy sister with thee? without his father the boy has no power; my daughter is with me; how many children are (there) with you? how many men are (there) in Britain? FORMATION OF WORDS.

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I have thus gone through the several parts of speech in the Latin language, in a general way, aiming chiefly to make you familiar with the nouns and adjectives. Before I pass on to a full treatment of the verb and to the laws of literary combi-Allaudabilis, worthy of great pret • nation comprised under the name of syntax, I wish to show you how great is the verbal treasure of which you have laid the foundation; and at the same time to lead you to some acquaintance with the manner in which words are formed. Without here entering into a learned discussion as to which was the original part of speech, I shall take the verb as containing the primitive root, and aid you in deducing therefrom other forms. In the course of the previous lessons you had the verb amo, I love. Now in becoming aware of the meaning of amo, you learnt the import of all words derived from amo; Docenter, in the way of teaching thus taking am or ama as the root you are led to

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laudabilis, not worthy of praise
Perlaudabilis, worthy of great praise
DOCE (TEACH).
Doceo, I teach

Doctus, taught, learned

Docte, learnedly
Doctor, a teacher
Doctrina, teaching
Documentum, a proof

Docilis, teachable
Docilitas, teachableness

Indocilis, unteachable
Indocibilitas, unteachableness

Addoceo, I teach thoroughly
Condoceo, I teach together, exercise

Dedoceo, I unteach, that is, I cause
to forget or renounce

ORN or ORA (ADORN).
Orno, I adorn

Ornate, ornamentally
Ornatio, an adorning

Ornator, a male adorner
Ornatriz, a female adorner
Ornamentum, an ornament

Adorno, I adorn greatly

Adornate, very ornamentaly
Eromno, I adorn completely
Erornatio, a complete adornise
Erornator, a male decorator
Inornatus, unadorned
Purorno, I adorn thoroughly

MOVE (MOVE).
Moveo, I move
Motio, a moving

Motus, motion or moverort
Motiuncula, a smul mort

Motor, a mover

Moto, I move frequently

Mobilis, moveable

Mobilitas, moveableness

Mobiliter, moveably

Momentum, moving-power

Immobilis, immovable
Immobilitas, immovability
Admoveo, I move to
Admotio, a moving to
Amoveo, I more away
Commoveo, I move together

Commotio, a commotion Edoceo, I teach out and out, "by Demoveo, I move down Perdoceo, I teach thoroughly

heart"

Dimoveo, I separate by moving
Promoveo, I move forward

from amabiliter, which in its turn comes from amabilis; and amabilis, an adjective in bilis, is formed from the stem ama. The root ama, am, or ma is also traceable in other languages, of in English; and of maNow from these instances you may infer what a number of ter in Greek, whence comes the Latin mater, a mother. We lessons you have had 1000 Latin words, you have obtained s

must not, however, diverge from our subject. Before you proto memory this

clue to the import of some 10,000 Latin words, and reque

ceed to study the following lists, you will do well to commit only a little reflection to aid you to a full perception of them

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I advise you to prosecute your studies now on your own basis, while at the same time you go forward with me. The way in which you may assist yourself is this: procure a Latin dictionary, and write out lists of connected words according to the models just given. With a little care you will be able to find the words in the dictionary. If you use a good dictionary you will make few mistakes. Having made a list, commit it to memory. Then make and learn others in succession. In this way you will learn not only the Latin but a good deal of philology or the science of language; and your progress will be rapid as well as sure.

66

You may perhaps be thinking what dictionary to purchase? Ainsworth's Latin dictionary in several forms is very common, and may often be met with at old book-stalls. But I advise you to leave the copies where they are, for like very many old books, they are not worth purchasing. Far preferable is Riddle's Latin dictionary, and in his Young Scholars' English-Latin and Latin-English Dictionary," you would find a manual no less trustworthy than useful. The price of this book is twelve shillings. Should this be beyond your means, you may procure Riddle's "Diamond Latin-English Dictionary," which is an abridgment of the former work.

LESSONS IN BOTANY.-No. VII.

CLASS VI.-HEXANDRIA.

Plants bearing flowers with Six Stamens.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil.

STORES of wild hyacinths appear in almost every woodland towards the close of April. Some of the old herbalists call this beautiful flower the harebell. It is a native not only of every county of England, but of every land in Europe. The roots contain a great quantity of starch, which, in former times, was used for pasting books, and setting feathers on arrows, as well as by the laundress. The flower has a sweet scent, but the chief claims of the wild hyacinth are its early appearance and its great beauty.

The wild tulip appears in April, in various parts of England and Scotland, and is naturalised in chalk-pits and quarries. The flower, of a bright yellow, and externally greenish, is rather drooping, the stem is about a foot high, and leafy at the middle, the leaves are lance-shaped, smooth, and clasp the stem. The bulb is egg-shaped, and the stamens are hairy at the base. The gaudy tulip, with its striped corolla of various hues, produced by the art of the florist,. from the single colour of its natural state, was at one period the object of a passion, unmatched in the annals of the world. At Alcmaer, about twenty-three miles from Amsterdam, it is said there were sold publicly by auction, in the year 1637, one hundred and twenty tulips for 90,000 guilders, a sum equal to £8,437 10s. Nor was this a solitary instance, the tulip becoming associated with a kind of dealing like that of gambling in stocks.

The lily of the valley, with its delicate bells growing half-hidden in the shade of their two broad leaves, appears in May. It is found in woods, but has probably been introduced there. Hurdis says truly of this flower :

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Very nearly allied to the hyacinth is the vernal squill. Its leaves are numerous, its flowers of a deep blue, and its stalk three or four inches high. It flowers in April, May, and June; growing in sandy pastures by the sea. It is common on the sandy shores of Portugal, and the Levant. The bulb has been known as a medicine from the earliest ages, it is still held in high estimation, and is in very frequent use.

The flowers of the autumnal squill are rose-coloured. It grows in dry pastures in the south of England, the stalk is about three inches high, and flowers in September.

Tiger Lily.

Israel had stamped the plant with his seal, and endowed it with extraordinary efficacy. It grows in woods and thickets, and flowers in May and June. The stem is two feet high; there are from two

to five flowers on each stalk; the segments are white, tipped with green. There are, besides the common Solomon's seal, the narrowleaved, and the angular; the former flowering in June, the latter in May and June.

We give an illustration of one of the family of lilies, frequently met with in our gardens. It has the upper leaves oval, and the petals spotted. It is often known under the names of Turk's turban, or Turk's head. In colour it resembles that of the tiger, whence its name of the tiger lily.

Of the rushes there is a great variety. Their long, thin leaves, form islets on the stream, or fringe its border with its greenness. The soft rush and the common rush are used, in many parts of the country, for plaiting into mats and chair-bottoms, and for constructing small toy-baskets. The wicks of the candles, called rush-lights, are made from the pith, as also the wicks of some lamps. The soft and the common rush grow in wet meadows and pastures, and flower in July.

The sweet flag is abundant in the fenny districts of England, and was much prized when rushes were used instead of carpets. On festival days, the old cathedral of Norwich has its floors still profusely strewn with this fragrant plant. The Turks make a sweetmeat of the root, and consider it a preservative from plague. Our native species is aromatic like that brought from the Levant. It is one of the oldest medicines known, and is still much used.

Such are the only specimens our limits allow us to give of this large class. DIGYNIA, contains only the mountain sorrel. It grows in moist rocks and by rills, on the higher mountains of Scotland, Wales, the north of England and of Ireland, where it is abundant. Its stem is from six inches to a foot high; it is almost leafless; and the flowers, which appear in June, are small and drooping. From the order TRIGYNIA, we select the docks, which are very various. The meadow dock grows in marshy ground, and flowers in June and July. The Alpine dock grows by road-sides, but is not indigenous. It flowers in July. The fiddle dock, so called from the shape of its leaves, flowers in the same month. The petals of its flowers are egg-shaped, and very deeply toothed, of a green colour, with a large spot of scarlet in the centre of each. The stamens are large and yellow, adding to the brilliancy of the flower; the stem is light green, striped with red; each whorl of flowers is attended by a single leaf.

The fifth order, POLYANDRIA, has the water-plantains, which are found in ditches and other shallow waters. They may be known by a cup of three leaves, and a greatly-expanded corolla of three proportionally large, flat, circular petals.

CLASS VII.-HEPTANDRIA.

Plants bearing flowers with Seven Stamens.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil.

The cup of the winter green, or chickweed, has seven spearshaped leaves; the blossom is formed like a star, and, though divided into seven segments, is of one petal. Though seven is the general number of stamens in this plant, it sometimes deviates from it. In one species, the parts of the fructification are defended against the injuries of rain, by the closing of the petals, and the hanging down of the flowers at its approach. Our song-birds, especially the tribe of finches, are much indebted to this plant for food; as they eat not only its numerous seeds, but its young tops and leaves. CLASS VIII.-OCTANDRIA.

Plants bearing flowers with Eight Stamens.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil.

The willowherbs are generally characterised by a superior cup of four tapering, coloured leaves; a corolla of four circular expanding petals; and the summit of the pistil divided into four clefts. In some species, the stamens and pistils are upright, but lean towards the lower side of the blossom in others. Another distinction that marks the different species, is the shape of the leaves. The small-flowered hairy willowherb has spear-shaped, woolly, toothed leaves, growing opposite to one another. The great-flowered willowherb has its leaves running along, and embracing the stem; the top shoots have a very delicate smell; but it is lost almost as soon as they are gathered. These plants are generally found in marshy places, or on the banks of rivers.

There are several species of heath. They generally have a calyx of four leaves upright, coloured, enclosing the germ; a blossom of one petal, cut into four segments, the figure of which varies between egg-shaped and oblong. The bell-heath is one of our prettiest

wild-flowers, and though rather small when compared with the showy Cape heaths, it is well worthy of being cultivated in the

Fine-leaved Heath.

flower-garden, or even in the greenhouse. The common heath is but little regarded in this country, except for its honey, with which it supplies the bees in abundance. It is far otherwise in Scotland. Mrs. Grant says

"Gem of the heath! whose modest bloom
Sheds beauty o'er the lonely moor;
Though thou disperse no rich perfume,
Nor yet with splendid tints allure;
Both valour's crest, and beauty's bower,
Oft hast thou deck'd, a favourite flower.
Flower of the wild! whose purple glow
Adorns the dusky mountain's side,
Not the gay hues of Iris' bow,

Nor garden's artful, varied pride,
With all its wealth of sweets could cheer
Like thee, the hardy mountaineer."

Common Knot Grast,

The common heath is the badge of the clan Macdonell; the cross-leaved heath of the Macdonalds; and the fine-leaved heath of the Macallisters. Many other floral emblems are assumed by the different Highland clans, as the yew, holly, pine, cranberry,

&c.

The heath tribe is said to be the largest genus of plants; all, except about a dozen, are from the Cape of Good Hope. It is a remarkable fact, that some have been found wild in America; and although in autumn our mountain-sides and moors are completely empurpled with heath-flowers, there are only five species in Britain. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils.

The reddish-white blossoms of the knot-grass constantly meet the eye in passing from the paved ways of the city in the month of May. Milton speaks of

"The knot-grass dew besprent;"

and Herbert mentions this among wholesome and medicinal herbs. This little plant forms green patches by every wayside, on the borders of the public highways, and shoots up under the walls of the crowded city, or even between the stones of the street. Several plants are found in the order TETRAGYNIA, but on them we must not dwell.

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General or particular sense. Nous aimons les livres,

We like books.

Nous avons les livres,

We have the books.

Partitive sense.

Nous avons des livres,

We have books, i. e. some books.

Vous avez écrit des lettres,

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Apport-er, 1. to bring;

live;

Etudi-er, 1. to study;
Fleur, f. flower;
Fraise, f, strawberry;
Framboise, f. raspberry ;

Lundi, m. Monday;

Pêche, f. peach; Prune, f. plum.

Bois, m. wood, forest; Capitaine, m. captain; Caporal, m. corporal; 1. Aimez vous le pain ou la viande? 2. J'aime le pain, la viande, et le fruit. 3. Avons nous des pêches dans notre jardin? 4. Nous y avons des pêches, des fraises, des framboises et des cerises. 5. Monsieur votre frère aime-t-il les cerises? 6. Il n'aime guère les cerises, il préfère les prunes. 7. Avez vous des légumes? 8. Je n'aime point les légumes. 9. Nous n'avons ni légumes ni fruits [Sect. 6. 3, 4]. 10. Nous n'aimons ni les légumes ni les fruits. 11. Allez vous tous les jours dans le bois de Monsieur votre frère? 12. Je n'y vais pas tous les jours. 13. Votre sœur apporte-t-elle les fleurs? 14. Elle les apporte. 15. Madame votre mère apporte-t-elle des fleurs? 16. Elle en apporte tous les lundis. 17. Voyez vous le général Bertrand? 18. Je ne le vois pas, je vois le caporal Duchêne. 19. Mesdemoiselles vos sœurs sont elles fatiguées ? 20. Mes sœurs sont fatiguées d'étudier. 21. Monsieur le président est-il chez lui? 22. Non, Monsieur, il est chez Monsieur le colonel Dumont. 23. Demeure-t-il loin d'ici? 24. Il ne demeure pas loin d'ici. 25. Où demeure-t-il? 26. Il demeure chez Monsieur le capitaine Lebrun.

EXERCISE 56.

1. Does your sister like flowers? 2. My sister likes flowers, and my brother is fond of books. 3. Is he wrong to like books? 4. No, Sir, he is right to like books and flowers. 5. Have you many flowers in your garden? 6. We have many flowers and much fruit. 7. Is your cousin fond of raspberries? 8. My cousin is fond of raspberries and strawberries. 9. Is the captain fond of praises? 10. He is not fond of praises. 11. Has the gardener brought you vegetables? 12. He has brought me vegetables and fruit. 13. Is he ashamed to bring you vegetables? 14. He is neither ashamed nor afraid to sell vegetables. 15. Is your mother tired? 16. My mother is not tired. 17. Is your brother at colonel D's? 18. He lives at colonel D's, but he is not at home at present (à présent). 19. How many peaches have you? 20. I have not many peaches but I have many plums. 21. Does Capt. B. like peaches?

22. He likes peaches, plums, raspberries and strawberries. there every morning. 25. Is general L. here? 26. No, Sir, 23. Are you going into (dans) your brother's wood? 24. I go he is not here, he is at your cousin's. 27. Does your friend General H. live far from here? 28. He does not live far from here, he lives at his brother's. 29. Have you fine flowers in your garden? 30. We have very fine flowers; we are fond of flowers. 31. Do you give them to him? 32. give them to you. 33. I give you some? 34. I give them some. 35. Give us some. 36. Do not give us any.

SECTION XXIX.

USE OF THE ARTICLE CONTINUED.

1. Adjectives of nation will, according to R. 3 of the last lesson, be preceded by the article:

You have written letters, i. e. some Il apprend le français, l'anglais, He learns French, English, German, l'allemand et l'Italien.

letters.

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and Italian.

2. After the verb parler, the article may be omitted before an adjective of nation, taken substantively :

Votre frère parle espagnol et por- Your brother speaks Spanish and tugais. Portuguese

noun.

The student must not forget that the article is repeated before every

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