designs, and usually placed them somewhat removed from the immediate view at a prudent distance from the front line. However, most of his pictures were supplied with figures by Ostade, Teniers, and other famous masters, which gave them a great additional value. They are very scarce. Gothic hoppe, a horse; Fr. hobin, a pacing horse. An HOB'BLE, v. n. & n. s. HOBBLER, N. s. HOB'BLINGLY, adv. HOBBY, n. s. Irish or Scottish horse; a pacing horse; a garran: to walk lamely or awkwardly upon one leg more than the other; to hitch; to walk with unequal and encumbered steps; to move roughly or unevenly: hence an uneven awkward gait. Feet being ascribed to verses, whatever is done with feet is likewise ascribed to them. Hobblingly in its literal and figurative acceptation is clumsily, aukwardly, with halting gait : hobby the name of a small pony; a stick on which boys get astride to ride; a stupid fellow. I have studied eight or nine wise words to speak to you, which these hobby horses must not hear. Shakspeare. For twenty hobblers armed, Irishmen so called, because they served on hobbies, he paid sixpence a-piece per diem. Davies. Those grave contenders about opinionative trifles look like aged Socrates upon his boy's hobby horse. Glanville. Dryden. HOBLERS, or HOBILERS, hobelarii, in an cient English customs, were men who, by their tenure, were obliged to maintain a light horse or hobby, for the certifying any invasion towards the sea-side. The name was also used for certain Irish knights, who used to serve as lighthorsemen upon hobbies. HOB'NAIL, n. s. Į From hobby and nail. HOB'NAILED, adj.) A nail used in shoeing a hobby or little horse; a nail with a thick strong head. Steel, if thou turn thine edge, I beseech Jove ou my knees thou mayest be turned into hobnails. Shakspeare. We shall buy maidens as they buy hobnails, by the hundred. Id. Wouldest thou, friend, who hast two legs alone, Wouldest thou, to run the gauntlet, these expose Dryden. To a whole company of hobnailed shoes? HOB'NOB. This is probably corrupted from hab nab by a coarse pronunciation. See HAB HOCHE (Lazarus), a celebrated general in the service of the French republic, was born on the 24th of June, 1768, in the suburbs of Versailles. His father was the keeper to Louis XV's dog-kemel. Such an origin precluded him from the advantages of a liberal education. The friar was hobbling the same way too. Those ancient Romans had a sort of extempore By the kindness of his aunt, who was a green poetry, or untuneable hobbling verse. As young children who are tryed in Go-carts, to keep their steps from sliding, When members knit, and legs grow stronger, Make use of such machine no longer; But leap pro libitu, and scout On horse called hobby, or without. Id. Prior. They have such a hovering possession of the Valtoline, as an hobby hath over a lark. Bacon. The people will chop like trouts at an artificial fly, and dare like larks under the awe of a painted hobby. L'Estrange. Larks lie dared to shun the hobby's flight. Dryden. HOBGOB'LIN, n. s. According to Skinner, for robgoblins from Robin Goodfellow, Hob being the nickname of Robin: but more probably according to Wallis and Junius, hopgoblins empusæ, because they do not move their feet: whence, says Wallis, came the boys' play of fox in the hole, the fox always hopping on one leg. A frightful fairy. Fairies, black, grey, green, Shakspeare. For grocer at Versailles, he was taught to read and write, and finally engaged as a stable-boy at Versailles. But an accidental glance at a work of Rousseau's determined him to travel. this purpose he enlisted for the East Indies, but was removed into the French guards. He was only sixteen when he was ordered to join his regiment at Paris. Anxious to make up for the deficiency of his education, he employed all his leisure hours, and even part of those usually spent in sleep, in embroidering caps, the profits of which labor he devoted chiefly to the purchase of books. These he read with avidity, and soon made himself master of the theory of military tactics. His merit now attracted notice, and he was raised to the rank of corporal in 1788. The French guards were the chief cause of turning the scale against the court in favor of the people, on the 14th of July, 1789, at the attack on the Bastile; and Hoche was one of the first in leading on the assault. When La Fayette new-modelled the corps, Hoche was promoted; and soon after, Servan, then minister of war, sent him a lieutenant's commission in the regiment of Rouergue; which he joined, June 24th, 1792, in the garrison at Thionville, where he first distinguished himself in action. After this, being drafted into the army of the Ardennes, he performed the most essential services under general Leveneur; particularly at that oritical period when the treachery of Dumourier and Miranda had endangered the destruction of the army of the North. But it would swell this article beyond all due bounds were we to follow our hero through all the scenes in which he was engaged, from the time that he was ap pointed general in chief; or attempt to delineate his brilliant actions at Wert, Weissembourg, Freischweiller, Germersheim, Worms, Spire, Fort Vauban, &c. It was in the midst of this career of victory that the envy of his enemies procured him to be apprehended and lodged in the conciergerie at Paris, from which he was not liberated till the memorable 9th of Thermidor, 1795. Upon his liberation he was sent to subdue the insurgents of La Vendée; and his well arranged plans were the chief cause of the failure of our unfortunate expedition to Quiberon. Hoche's zeal for his country led him to think, that an invasion of England or Ireland was not only practicable, but that it would be crowned with success. The latter measure was at last attempted, and its failure is well known. Our hero's feelings may be easier conceived than described. His narrow escape in the Fraternité, through the midst of the British fleet, hardly lessened the disappointment. Being, however, afterwards appointed to the command of the army of the Sambre and Meuse, he led his troops to new victories; and Montabour, Dierdorff, Altenkirchen, &c., witnessed their valor.-But the career of this great general was now drawing near a close. The excessive fatigues he had undergone had impaired his constitution, and brought on a gradual decay, attended with an incessant cough and difficulty of breathing; while the unsettled state of affairs at Paris added to his distress of body, by increasing his anxiety of mind. He died September 17th, at Wetzlar, in the thirtieth year of his age, not without suspicion of poison. His last words were, 'Farewel my friends! Desire the Directory to take care of Belgium.' He was interred with great pomp Coblentz. at He HOCHSTETTER (Andrew Adam), a protes tant divine, born at Tubingen in 1698. was professor of divinity in that university, and afterwards rector. His chief works are, 1. Collegium Puffendorsianum; 2. De Festo Expiationis et hirco Azahel; 3. De Conradino, ultimo ex Suevis duce; 4. De Rebus Albigensibus. He died in 1717. HOCHHEIM, a small town in the duchy of Nassau, four miles from the Rhine, celebrated for the wine termed Hock. It stands on a small eminence occupied by vineyards finely exposed to the sun, and the best wine of the place is produced on a little elevation of eight acres, sheltered from the north; the average produce is twelve large casks of wine, which are said to fetch, as soon as made, from £120 to £150 sterling. The town is twenty miles west of Frankfort, and four north-east of Mentz. 2. In HOCHSTADT, a town of Bavaria, at the influx of the river Egwied into the Danube. It is remarkable as the scene of many bloody conflicts. 1. The imperialists were defeated near it by the elector of Bavaria in 1703. 1704 (13th of August) the French and Bavarians sustained a most signal defeat in this neighboorhood from the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene. 3. In 1800 the French, under Moreau, obtained a considerable victory here over the Austrians. Population 2300. Nineteen miles north-west of Augsburg, and twenty-nine west of Neuburg. HOCK, n. s. & v. a. The same with hough, Saxon poh. The joint between the knee and the fetlock. Hock and From Hockheim on the With hachrach, hockamore and mum. Hudibras. unfit to bottle as old hockamore, mix one hogshead Mortimer. Ring for your valet, bid him quickly bring A HOCKHOCKING, a river in the state of Ohio, United States; it has its rise near a branch of the Scioto, and, running south-west, falls into the Ohio at Tray, in N. lat. 38° 57', after a course of about eighty miles. It is navigable to Athens, about six miles above this are rapids, which preforty miles from its mouth, for large keel boats; vent any further ascent. HOCUS POCUS. Swed. hokus pokus. The original of this word is referred by Tillotson to a formula of transubstantiation in the Romish church, in which they say hoc est corpus, this is Welsh hocced, a cheat, and poke and pocus a the body (of the Lord). Junius derives it from bag, jugglers using a bag for conveyance. It is corrupted from some words that had once a meaning, and which, perhaps, cannot be discovered. A juggle; a cheat. This gift of hocus pocussing and of disguising matters is surprising. L'Estrange. Corrupted perhaps in con HOD, n. s. HOD'MANDOD.amt from hood, a hod being carried on the head; perhaps from Teut. herrd, or hotte, a wicker basket; a kind of trough in which a laborer carries mortar to the masons: hodman a laborer that carries mortar : hodmandod a fish. Those that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, the crawfish, and the hodmandod or dodman. Bacon. HODGES (Nathaniel), M.D., a learned English physician, son of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Hodges, dean of Hereford. He was educated in Westminster, and graduated at Oxford in 1659. He settled in London; practised with great success during the plague in 1665, and was made fellow of the college of physicians in 1672; but was afterwards confined in Ludgate jail for debt, where he died in 1684. He wrote, 1. Vindicia Medicinæ et Medicorum, 1660, 8νο. 2. Λοιμολογία, 1672, 8νο. This work was translated into English by Dr. Quincy, and printed at London in 8vo., 1720. It gives an historical account of the rise, progress, symptoms, and cure of the plague. HODIER'NAL, adj. Lat. hodiernus. day. Of to HODY (Humphry), a learned English divine, born in 1659. At twenty-one years of age he published his celebrated Dissertation against Aristeas's history of the seventy interpreters; which was received with great applause. He treated the subject more fully twenty years after, in his De Bibliorum Textibus Originalibus, Versionibus Græcis, et Latina vulgata, libri IV. In 1689 he wrote the Prolegomena to John Melala's Chronicle, printed at Oxford; and in 1690 was made chaplain to bishop Stillingfleet. The deprivation of the nonjuring bishops engaged him in a controversy with Mr. Dodwell; which recommended him to archbishop Tillotson, to whom, as well as his successor, Dr. Tennison, he was for some time chaplain. In 1698 he was made regius professor of Greek at Oxford, and archdeacon in 1704. On the controversy about the convocation, he, in 1701, published a history of English Councils and Convocations, and of the clergy's sitting in parliament, &c. He died in 1706, leaving in MS. an account of those learned Greeks who retired to Italy on the taking of Constantinople, &c., which was published in 1742 by Dr. Jebb. HOE, n. s. & v. a. Goth. hog; Teut. howe; Fr. houe; Dut. houwe. An instrument to cut up the earth, of which the blade is at right angles with the handle: to cut or dig with a hoe. They must be continually kept with weeding and hoeing. Mortimer, Id. They should be thinned with a hoe. A HOE is somewhat like a cooper's adze, to cut up weeds in gardens, fields, &c. This instrument is of great use in hacking and clearing the corners and patches of land. HOEING, in the new husbandry, is the breaking or dividing the soil by tillage while the corn or other plants are growing thereon. It differs from common tillage (which is always performed before the corn or plants are sown or planted) in the time of performing it; and it is much more beneficial to the crops than any other tillage. HOESCHELIUS (David), a learned German, born at Augsburg, in 1556. He was made principal of the college of St. Anne; and, being also librarian, he enriched the library with a great number of Greek books and MSS. He published editions of Origen, Basil, Philo Judæus, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazian zen, Chrysostom, Appian, Photius, Procopius, Anna Comnena, Hori Apollinis Hieroglyphica, &c., some with Latin translations, others in Greek only with notes. In 1595 he published a cata logue of the Greek MSS. in the Augsburg library, which, for order and judicious arrangement, is esteemed a masterpiece. He died at Augsburg in 1617, much regretted. HOF, HOFF, or STADT ZUM HOF, an old town of Franconia, on the river Saale, belonging to Bavaria. It was founded in the eleventh century, and admitted to the privileges of a free imperial town. The manufactures are woollens, cotton, and leather: here are also extensive breweries; and in the neighbourhood fine quarries of marble. In 1759 prince Henry of Prussia defeated in this place a party of Austrians, under count Palfi. Population 5000. Twenty-two miles N. N. E. of Bayreuth, and forty-six north-east of Bamberg. HOFER (Andrew), a Tyrolese chieftain, born at Passeyer in 1765, and who kept an inn in that town. The Tyrol being transferred to Bavaria by the treaty of Presburg, when the war with Austria was in 1809 renewed, the inhabitants rose in a mass to drive out the Bavarians, and place themselves under the Austrian dominion. Hofer was now elected their chief, and obtained some advantages over the enemy; but, the peace of Vienna having confirmed the cession of his country to Bavaria, he laid down his arms. He was however accused of having endeavoured to excite disaffection to the new government, and a price was set on his head. After a long search he was found hidden in a cabin on the summit of a lofty peak, surrounded by snow and glaciers. January 27th, 1810, his hut being surrounded by a body of grenadiers, he surrendered; and was conducted to Botzen, and afterwards to Mantua, where he was condemned by à council of war to be shot. The sentence was almost immediately executed. After his death he was revered by his countrymen as a martyr; and the emperor of Austria has ennobled his son. HOFFMAN (Daniel), a German divine, born in 1539. He was professor of the university of Helmstadt from 1598, and maintained that phi losophy was a mortal enemy to religion; and that what was true in philosophy was false ir theology. These absurd tenets occasioned a warm and extensive controversy. At length Hoffman was compelled by Julius, duke of Brunswick, to retract his invectives against philosophy, and to acknowledge, in the most open manner, the harmony and union of sound philosophy with true and genuine theology, He died in 1611, aged seventy-two. HOFFMAN (Frederic), M. D., an eminent physician, born at Hall near Magdeburg in 1660. He took his degree in 1681; was made professor of physic at Hall in 1693; and filled the chair till his death, in 1742. His works were collected at Geneva in six large volumes, folio, 1748 and 1754. When travelling through Holland he became acquainted with Paul Hermann, and not long after with the celebrated Boyle, whom he cured of a dangerous disease. He also attended the emperor Charles VI., and his em press, as well as Frederic of Prussia. He was the first who composed Seidlitz powders. He died in his eighty-second year. HOFFMAN (John James), professor of Greek at Basle, was born at Basle in 1635. He published at Geneva, in 1677, a learned work entitled Lexicon Universale Historico-Geographico-Poe tico-Philosophico-Politico-Philologicum; in 2 vols. folio. He afterwards enlarged it with a supplement; and died at Basle, in 1706, aged seventy-one. HOFFMAN (Maurice), M. Da, was born of a good family, at Furstenwalde, in Brandenbourg, September 20th, 1621; and was driven early from his native country by war and pestilence. In 1637 he was sent to study in the college of Colun. Famine and the plague drove him thence to Kopnik, where he buried his father; and in 1638 he went to Altorf, to his maternal uncle, who was a professor of physic. Here he finished his studies in classical learning and philosophy, and then applied with the utmost ardor to physic. In 1641 he went to the university of Padua; where anatomy and botany were the great objects of his pursuit; and he became deeply skilled in both. After three years he returned to Altorf, to assist his uncle, now growing infirm, in his business; and, taking the degree of M. D., applied himself to practice, in which he had great success. In 1648 he was made professor extraordinary in anatomy and surgery; in 1649 professor of physic, and soon after member of the college of physicians; in 1633 professor of botany, and director of the physic-garden. He acquitted himself excellently in these various employments; and, in his profession, his reputation was so high and extensive, that many princes of Germany appointed him their physician. He died of an apoplexy in 1698, aged seventy-six, after having published a great number of works. HOFFMAN (John Maurice), son of the preceding, by his first wife, was born at Altorf in 1653; and sent to a school at Herszprugk, where, having acquired a competent knowledge of the Greek and Latin, he returned to his father at Altorf at sixteen, and studied philosophy and physic. He went afterwards to Frankfort on the Oder, and next to Padua, where he studied two years. Then, making a tour of part of Italy, he returned to Altorf in 1674, and was admitted M. D. In 1677 he was made professor extraordinary in physic, and in 1681 professor in ordinary. George Frederic, marquis of Anspach, chose him for his physician; and Hoffman attended him into Italy, and renewed his accquaintance with the literati of that country. Upon the death of his father, in 1698, he succeeded him in his places of botanic professor and director of the physic-garden. He was elected also rector of the university of Altorf; a post which he had occupied in 1686. He lost his great friend and patron, the marquis of Anspach, in 1703: but found the same kindness from his successor William Frederic, who pressed him so earnestly to reside near him, and made him such advantageous offers, that, in 1713, he removed from Altorf to Anspach, where he died in 1727. He had married a wife in 1681, by whom he had five children. He published à great number of works, which are highly esteemed. HOG, n. s. Ran cow and calf; and eke the veray hogges Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale. Blow strongly with a pair of bellows into a hogshead, putting into it before that which you would have preserved; and in the instant that you withdraw the bellows, stop the hole. Bacon. Only a target light, upon his arm Your butler purloins your liquor, and the brewer without a shoe or stocking to their feet, or a house so They slung up one of their largest hogsheads; I drank it off, for it did not hold half a pint. Id. Gulliver's Travels. The terms hogherd and cow-keeper are not to be used in our poetry; but there are no finer words in Broome. the Greek. HOG, in zoology. See Sus. HOG, on board of a ship, is a sort of flat scrubbing broom, formed by enclosing a number of short twigs of birch, or such wood, between two pieces of plank fastened together, on cutting off the ends of the twigs. It is used to scrape the filth from the ship's bottom under water, particularly in the act of boot-topping. For this purpose they fit to this broom a long staff with two ropes; one of which is used to thrust the hog under the ship's bottom, and the other to guide and pull it up again close to the planks. This business is commonly performed in the ship's boat, which is confined as close as possible to the vessel's side during the operation, and is shifted from one part of the side to another till the whole is completed. Since vessels however have been more universally copper-bottomed this has been laid aside. HOGARTH (William), the celebrated painter, was born in 1697, or 1698, in the parish of St. Martin, Ludgate. He was bound,' says Mr. Walpole, 'to a mean engraver of arms on plate; but, before his time was expired, he felt the impulse of genius, and that it directed him to painting. During his apprenticeship he set out one Sunday, with two or three companions, on an excursion to Highgate. The weather being hot they went into a public-house, where they had not been long before a quarrel arose between some persons in the same room. One of the disputants struck the other on the head with a quart pot and cut him very much. The blood running down the man's face, together with his agony from the wound, which had distorted his features into a most hideous grin, presented Hogarth with too laughable a subject to be overlooked. He drew out his pencil, and produced on the spot one of his most ludicrous figures. What made this piece the more valuable was, that it exhibited an exact likeness of the man, with a portrait of his antagonist, and the figures in caricature of the principal persons gathered round. The first piece in which he distinguished himself as a painter is supposed to have been a representation of Wanstead Assembly. The figures in it were drawn from the life, and without burlesque. The faces were said to be extremely like, and the coloring rather better than in some of his more highly finished performances. From the date of the earliest plate that can be ascertained to be his work it is supposed that he began business for himself about 1720. Engraving of arms and shop bills was his first employment. The next was to design and furnish plates for booksellers. There are many family pictures by Hogarth, in the style of serious conversation pieces, still existing. In the early part of his life a nobleman (lord O―) came to sit for his picture. It was executed with a skill that did honor to the artist's abilities; but the likeness was rigidly observed, without even the necessary attention to compliment. The peer, disgusted at this counterpart of himself, was not fond of paying for a reflector that would only exhibit his deformities. Some time was suffered to elapse before the artist applied for his money; but, after many applications made without success, he sent him the following card :-Mr. Hogarth's dutiful respects to lord : finding that he does not mean to have the picture which was drawn for him, is informed again of Mr. H's necessity for the money: if, therefore, his lordship does not send for it in three days, it will be disposed of, with the addition of a tail and some other little appendages, to Mr. Hare, the famous wild beast man; Mr. H. having given that gentleman a conditional promise of it, for an exhibition picture, on his lordship's refusal.' This intimation had the desired effect. The picture was paid for and committed to the flames. Mr. Nichols assures us, from unquestionable authority, that almost all the personages who attend the levee of the Rake were undoubted portraits; and that in Southwark Fair, and Modern Midnight Conversation, as many more were discoverable. The duke of Leeds has an original scene in The Beggar's Opera, painted by Hogarth. It is that in which Lucy and Polly are on their knees, before their respective fathers, to intercede for the life of Macheath. All the figures are either known or supposed to be portraits. Mr. Walpole has a picture of a scene in the same piece, where Macheath is going to execution. In this also the likenesses of Walker and Miss Fenton, afterwards duchess of Bolton (the first Macheath and Polly), are preserved. In 1726, when the affair of Mary Tofts, the rabbit-breeder of Godalming, engaged the public attention, a few of our principal surgeons subscribed their guinea a-piece to Hogarth, for an engraving from a ludicrous sketch he had made on that subject. This plate contains, amongst other portraits, that of M. St. André, then anatomist to the royal household, and in high credit as a surgeon. In 1730 Mr. Hogarth married the only daughter of Sir James Thornhill. The union was a stolen one, and consequently without the appro bation of Sir James, who, considering the youth of his daughter, then barely eighteen, and the slender finances of her husband, as yet an obscure artist, was not easily reconciled to the match. Soon after this period, however, he began his Harlot's Progress (the coffin in the last plate is inscribed Sept. 2d, 1731); and was advised by lady Thornhill to have some of the scenes in it placed in the way of his father-inlaw. Accordingly, one morning, Mrs. Hogarth conveyed several of them into his dining-room. When he arose he enquired whence they came; and, being told, he said, 'Very well; the man who can furnish representations like these can also maintain a wife without a portion.' He soon after, however, became reconciled and generous to the young couple. In 1732 Hogarth ventured to attack Mr. Pope, in a plate called The Man of Taste; containing a view of the gate of Burlington House, with Pope whitewashing it and bespattering the duke of Chandos's coach. This plate was intended as a satire on Pope, Mr. Kent the architect, and the earl of Burlington. In 1733 the third scene of his Harlot's Progress introduced him to the notice of the great. One of his excellencies consisted in what may be termed the furniture of his pieces. The Rake's levee room,' says Mr. Walpole, 'the nobleman's dining-room, the apartments of the husband and wife in Marriage à la Mode, the alderman's parlour, the bed-chamber, and many others, are the history of the manners of the age.' In 1745 Hogarth sold about twenty of his capital pictures by auction; and in the same year acquired additional reputation by the six prints of Marriage à la Mode, which may be regarded as the groundwork of a novel called the Marriage Act, by Dr. Shebbeare, and of the Clandestine Marriage. Soon after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle he went over to France, and was taken into custody at Calais, while he was drawing the gate of that town; a circumstance which he has recorded in his picture entitled O the Roast Beef of Old England! published March 26th 1749. He was actually carried before the governor as a spy, and after a very strict examination committed a pri |
