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2. What is Samuel Forster's tax, by the above table, whose property, real and personal, is valued at $1310, and who pays for 7 polls a tax of $1.50 each? Ans. $17.05.

3. What is the tax of a non-resident, having property in the same town, worth $415.35 ?

4. A tax of $14018.90 is to be levied on a certain city. The property is valued at $3506300; and there are 3500 polls, each of which is taxed $1 each. What is the assessment on a dollar, and what is A's tax, who has property worth $29010, and pays for 2 polls? Ans. $.003 on $1; A's tax, $ 89.03.

426. To find what sum must be assessed to yield a given

net amount.

Ex. 1. What sum must be assessed to yield a net amount of $6240, the collectors receiving 23 per cent. commission for collecting? Ans. $6400.

OPERATION.

$6240.975

$6400.

Since the commission is 21 per cent., the net value of each dollar of assessment will be $0.975, and

the amount to be assessed to net $6240 will therefore be as many dollars as 6240 contains times .975.

Hence,

The given net amount divided by 1 decreased by the rate of commission, expressed decimally, will give the amount to be assessed.

EXAMPLES.

2. What sum must be assessed to net $10450, allowing the collector receives 5 per cent. for collecting? Ans. $11000.

3. Allowing the net sum to be raised by a society to be $9700, and the allowance for collection to be 3 per cent., what is the gross amount to be assessed, and how much will be the cost of collection?

Ans. Assessment, $10000; cost of collection, $300.

4. The taxable property in a certain district containing 450 polls is $756000. It is proposed to raise $ 18000 for building a union school-house. If the poll tax be limited to $1.50 a poll, and the cost of collecting be 3 per cent., what will be the required assessment on a dollar, and how much will be A's tax, who pays for 3 polls, and has property to the amount of $15600. Ans. Tax on $1, $.0236; A's tax, $372.66.

427. To apportion school expenses according to each pupil's attendance, or to make out rate bills.

Ex. 1. The expenses of a certain district school are $ 464, and the aggregate of attendance 9280 days. What is A's tax, who has sent pupils amounting to 157 days?

OPERATION.

$464.00 9280 $0.05

$0.05 X 157 = $7.85.

Since 9280 days' attendance cost $464, 1 day's attendance will cost as many dollars as 464 contains times 9280, and 157 days will cost 157 times as much as 1 day. Hence,

The whole expenses of the school, less the public money, if any, divided by the number of days' attendance, will give the rate for each day's at

tendance.

The rate for each day, multiplied by the number of days of attendance of each patron's pupils, will give the amount of his rate bill.

EXAMPLES.

2. If a district expends for a teacher's salary $500, for his board $ 150, for repairs of school-house $30; the public money being $350, and the whole number of days of attendance 5500, what is the rate per day, and what is A's bill, who sends 2 pupils 60 days each, and 1 pupil 30 days?

Ans. Rate per day, $0.06; A's bill, $9.00.

3. In a certain district the teacher's wages amounted to $150, the fuel cost $18.50, the public money received was $63.50, and the number of days' attendance was 3000. What was A's rate bill, whose pupils attended 121 days; and B's, whose pupils attended 173 days?

GENERAL AVERAGE.

428. GENERAL AVERAGE signifies a contribution ratably made to a general loss by the three great mercantile interests, vessel, freight, and cargo,-when, on account of a common peril, one or more of these has been voluntarily sacrificed, in whole or in part, to effect the preservation of the rest.

Jettison is the term applied to the part of the vessel or cargo cast overboard, or otherwise sacrificed, to save the remainder.

429. Particular average means an average to which contribute only "some parts of the property when severed from the whole; as in the case of a boat-load saved from peril by a sacrifice, to which only the boat and its contents contribute." Practically, it hardly needs to be discriminated from general average, since it is adjusted upon its contributory interest by the application of the same principles.

430. To constitute a valid claim to general average, there are three essentials, all of which must be present: 1. A common peril impending at the time; 2. A voluntary and premeditated sacrifice of some property for the purpose of saving other property; 3. The success of the endeavor. (Parsons on Mercantile Law.)

431. In adjusting a general average, the property sacrificed, as well as that saved, is regarded as contributory to the general loss. The entire value of the freight, however, is not contributory; of its value in New York, and of its value in other parts of the United States, being reserved for seamen's wages.

The goods, whether lost, injured, or saved, are valued at the price they would have brought in ready money on the vessel's arriving at her port of destination, unless the average is adjusted at the port of lading, when they are valued at the invoice price.

In compensating for the expenses incurred in repairing damages done to the vessel, only of the cost is allowed, as in general the new material is better than the old.

432. To adjust the general average of losses at sea.

Ex. 1. The ship America sailed on May 16, 1857, for New

Orleans, with an assorted cargo. In consequence of a violent gale in the Gulf of Mexico, the captain was obliged to throw overboard a portion of the cargo, amounting in value to $4465.50, and the necessary repairs of the vessel cost $ 423. The contributory interests were as follows: vessel, $30000; gross freight, $ 6225; cargo shipped by R. S. Davis & Co., $3650; by Henry Mason, $ 6500; by G. T. Sampson, $2000; by J. Francis & Son, $ 550; by Morton Brothers, $5450; and by Sanborn & Carter, $ 8500. Of the cargo thrown overboard, there belonged to Henry Mason the value of $3000, and to Morton Brothers the remainder, $ 1465.50. The cost of detention in port in consequence of repairs was $116.50. How ought the loss to be apportioned among the contributory interests?

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Entire contrib. int., $60800

$4864.00

Thrown overboard, $ 4465.50
Cost of detention,

Repairs, less,

116.50

282.00

Entire loss, $ 4864.00

60800 = .08, the loss per cent.

$ 30000 X .08 = $2400, am't payable by vessel.

4150 X .08

3650 .08:

6500 X .08 2000 × .08 550 X .08

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=

332, am't payable by freight.

292, am't payable by R. S. Davis & Co. 520, am't payable by Henry Mason. 160, am't payable by G. T. Sampson. 44, am't papable by J. Francis & Son. 436, am't payable by Morton Brothers. 680, am't payable by Sanborn & Carter. Proof, $4864, entire amount payable.

5450 X .08

8500 X 08:

$2400.00

3000.00

1465.50

=

=

$ 398.50 = $ 2001.50, balance payable by vessel. 520.00= 2480.00, bal. rec'ble by II. Mason. 1029.50, bal. rec'ble by Morton Bro's.

436.00: =

=

Since the vessel lost $116.50 +$282, $398.50, that amount is deducted in finding the net amount the vessel must contribute to the general loss. Henry Mason lost $520; the amount payable by him is therefore made so much less on that account; and Morton Brothers also, having lost $436, have the amount of their contribution lessened by that sum

RULE.-Multiply each contributory interest by the loss per cent., and the product will be its contribution to the general loss.

The

Ex. 2. The ship Hope, in her passage from Liverpool to New York, was crippled in a storm, in consequence of which the captain had $6500 worth of the cargo thrown overboard, and the necessary repairs of the vessel cost $1050. charges for board of seamen, pilotage, and dockage amounted to $142. The contributory interests were: vessel, $31500; gross amount of freight, $4160; cargo shipped by Manning & Brother, $ 2145; by Anderson & Fisk, $1460; by Smidt & Huber, $960; by Greenwood, Laporte, & Co., $ 670; and by Allermann, Ritter, & Herr, $1000. In adjusting the general average in New York, the deduction made from the gross amount of freight on account of seamen's wages was one half. Required the several shares of the general loss.

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EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.

433. EQUATION OF PAYMENTS is the process of finding the average or mean time when the payments of several sums, due at different times, may all be made at one time, without loss either to the debtor or creditor.

434. A strictly accurate method of determining, by Arithmetic, the true average time for the payment of more than two sums, due at different times, it is believed, has not yet been discovered; and, even when there are only two sums, the accurate method is the translation of an Algebraic Formula. The true equated time, however, may be readily found by Algebra.

Mercantile usage, however, gives its sanction to another method, and one which is not entirely correct, though, when the sums are small and the terms short, the variation from the exact truth is practically of no consequence. But this method, being far the most convenient of application, is adopted among business men.

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