them. The article of their agreement was dated | estimated at three millions of pounds; which, in May 27, 1793. The means adopted to give notoriety to this invention, produced their natural effect, and multitudes soon came from all parts of the State to see the machine; but it was not judged prudent to gratify their curiosity till the patent was secured. Yet so determined were some of the populace, that, during the night, they broke open the building which contained the machine, and carried it away. This piece of larceny, though attributed to the populace, was probably countenanced by some persons of property; for, we are informed, that, before Whitney could complete his model and obtain a patent, a number of machines were in successful operation, constructed with some slight deviations from the original, with a hope of evading the penalty for violating the patent right. 1800, was reported at thirty-five millions; in 1810, at eighty-five millions; in 1820, at one hundred and sixty millions; in 1830, at three hundred and fifty millions, and, in 1840, at 790,479,257 pounds. The importance of the invention, and the facilities which it offered to the acquisition of wealth, might be supposed likely to unite the planters of the cotton-growing States in a simultaneous effort to reward the inventor by a liberal share of the profits which they were deriving from his ingenuity. The fact, however, was directly the reverse. Several gins, as already mentioned, were surreptitiously introduced, before Miller and Whitney had obtained their patent; and the impossibility of meeting the demand, by machines constructed under the direction of the inventor, naturally led the planters to Immediately after the formation of the part-resort to indirect and unlawful means of availing nership, Eli Whitney repaired to Connecticut, themselves of the invention. Besides, it was with a view of completing his machine, and readily perceived that if the patentees were allowcommencing the manufacture of a supply to be ed to monopolize the entire business of cleaning shipped to Georgia. It is probable that work- the cotton raised in the United States, an enormen of the requisite skill could not be obtained mous profit must be the result. The condition in the slaveholding State of Georgia. of Whitney forcibly recalls the case of Columbus. In both instances, the magnitude and importance of the discovery, made the share of the profits which they claimed, though the fruit of their own skill and perseverance, appear unreasonable and extravagant. In the case of the cotton gin, an extensive interest was combined in the effort to defeat the claims of the patentees; and the numbers thus interested, served not only to give efficiency to the attempt, but to add the appearance of respectability to a measure, disgraceful in itself, and which, if undertaken by a few, would probably have brought upon its authors the obloquy it deserved. The plan upon which Miller and Whitney agreed was evidently injudicious. They proposed to erect cotton gins in all parts of the State, and monopolize the entire business of cleaning the cotton of its seed. Their demand was one-third of the cotton which passed through their machine; and, as the price of the article was then from 25 to 33 cents a pound, a heavy profit was anticipated. But after it was known that, by means of a machine, fifty pounds could be daily cleaned of the seed by a single labourer, it was not to be expected that the planters would consent to have their cotton picked by hand. Hence the demand for gins became excessively urgent, and the construction of an adequate supply required both time and an amount of capital which the proprietors could not command. Money could be borrowed only at an exorbitant interest their first loan of $2,000 being taken at a premium of five per cent., beyond the legal interest. But, at a subsequent period, they paid five or six per cent. a month. The invention of the cotton gin suggests another parallel to the discoveries of Columbus. The African slave trade, though it had a feeble existence prior to the voyages of the Genoese navigator, received a new and powerful impetus from those momentous discoveries. So negro slavery existed in the United States long before the cotton gin was brought into use, yet, at the time of its invention, the market was glutted with all those articles which were suited to the soil and climate of Georgia, and it was difficult to find profitable employment for the slaves. Under these circumstances, slavery must have languished, and the pecuniary value of slaves have been low. And experience sufficiently proves, that, when the price of slaves is low, emancipations become frequent. But the inThe introduction of this remarkable machine vention of the cotton gin, by opening a new gave an impetus to the cultivation of cotton, source of profit from the labour of slaves, enwhich quickly changed, to a considerable ex- hanced their value, and gave an impulse to the tent, the agriculture of Georgia, and several of traffic in their persons from the exhausted slave the neighbouring States. To form some esti-States of the north, to those further south and mate of this change, it may be noted that, in west, which continues to the present day. 1792, the cotton raised in the United States was Happily for the cause of humanity, the States It has been stated above, that fifty pounds of cotton were cleaned in a day, by a single labourer, with Whitney's gin. This, however, was the performance when the machine was impelled by muscular force; for, a few years afterwards, we find it asserted, that the gin, when adapted to water power, enabled one man to accomplish the work of a thousand. north of Mason and Dixon's line had advanced | bers are concerned. It may, however, be well to too far in the work of emancipation to be arrest-reflect that a new generation is constantly rising to ed by the opening of a southern market. There occupy the place of the one which is going off the is, however, reason to apprehend, that the in- stage, and that our young people are surrounded vention of Whitney has postponed for a century, by influences which have a powerful tendency to the abolition of slavery in the United States. nourish the spirit of war. Hence, we can hardly Still, we have the consolation to know that cot be too vigilant in guarding them against these deton can be cultivated, and gins can be managed by freemen as well as by slaves. Considerable lusive influences, and in presenting to their view quantities are now brought into the market the excellence and loveliness of the true Christian without the aid of slave labour; and, with pro- spirit, which breathes glory to God in the highest, per encouragement, the quantity might unques-on earth peace, and good will to man. tionably be greatly increased. This unhappy result from the invention of Whitney ought not to be imputed to him. His ingenuity was employed in the construction of an important machine. The pernicious consequences arose from a vicious system previously established. That a The brief notice which we insert in our present number, respecting the proceedings in the Legislature of Kentucky, furnishes a melancholy illustration of the unrighteous and illiberal prejudice which is indulged in regard to the coloured race. man, the bona fide proprietor of real estate, which it is presumable he had bought and paid for, should be excluded from the state, and that by the decision of a legislative assembly, merely because he was guilty of a skin not coloured like our own, exposes, in a striking light, the propensity of the human mind to hate those whom we have injured. Numerous as these people now are, policy no less than humanity admonishes to conciliate their friendship: but it may be acknowledged with shame and regret, that in the North as well as the South, they are often treated as if we desired to convert them into enemies. An Address on the lawfulness of war under the gospel dispensation, was issued by our brethren of New York, at their Meeting for Sufferings, in the early part of last month; a copy of which has been recently received at this office, and will be transferred, at an early period, to the columns of the Review. The well known and long established doctrines, of Friends in relation to this subject, may be supposed to obviate the necessity of any further illustration of it; so far at least as our own mem In this reasoning age, it is also desirable that the enquiring minds of the rising generation should be presented with the unanswerable arguments, which are readily adduced in support of the pacific course. Thus it may be seen that the reign of the Prince of Peace is recommended to our acceptance, not only by its intrinsic excellence, but also by its entire consistency with the most profound rationality. The advocates of war, indeed, never meet the question fairly, even on the ground of argument. Instead of supporting their conclusions by a reference to well known facts or established principles, we are usually plied with suppositions of their own assuming. We are told of the consequences which they suppose would arise in case a policy wholly pacific was invariably pursued. Though as professors of christianity, we acknowledge, as a general proposition, that the injunctions of our Divine Master are of universal obligation; and that the promises of the gospel are yea and amen forever; we are urged to trust for our safety to the arm of flesh and the policy of man, rather than to the protection which we may humbly but reasonably hope, from a steady adherence to the principles and doctrines in which we profess to believe. The memoir of E. Whitney, which we have abridged chiefly from the 21st volume of Silliman's Journal, furnishes a remarkable instance of the momentous result arising from the ingenuity of one man. Yet in this, as in most other cases of singular discoveries, it was a link in the chain of events which arose out of the circumstances of the time and place. The agriculture of the South required a machine of the kind. The necessity of the case called ingenuity into action, and the cotton gin was brought into existence. If Eli Whitney had died in his childhood, we can hardly doubt but the same thing, or something similar, would a little later have been accomplished by others. When science or art, attains a point which requires or prepares the way for an important accession, some active genius springs forward and seizes the prize, which would soon have been reached by the regular march of ordinary intellect MARRIED,-At Friends' Meeting House, Elm Grove, on Fifth day the 30th of 12th month last, CHARLES GORDON to ANNA H. MACY. at Friends' Meeting House, Clear Spring, on Fourth day the 26th ult., OWEN EVANS to MAR THA ANN, daughter of Rice Price. 1 on the same day, at Friends' Meeting House, Spiceland, JESSE BOND to DELANA STANLEY. All three of the above marriages were in Henry County, Indiana. at Friends' Meeting House, West Union, Morgan County, Indiana, on Fifth day the 23d of 12th month last, JOHN CARTER to ELEANOR, daughter of Ira Hadley, all of West Union. at Friends' Meeting, Cross Creek, near Richmond, Jefferson County, Ohio, on Fifth day the 30th of 12th month last, JOSEPH PLUMMER to MARY S. FARQUHAR. wasps. They have the peaceful occupation of DIED,-At his residence in Greenwich, Cumber- at her residence in this city, on Second day afternoon, the 7th inst., after an illness of a few days, HANNAH ANN, daughter of David Whitall, of Woodbury, N. J., in the 25th year of her age. May the short, but useful life of this estimable young woman, incite survivors to a faithful performance of all their duties:-to work while it is called to-day, for truly no man knoweth when the night may close upon him. Verily, no man hath power in the day of death; nor is there any charge in that war. dis at his residence near Spiceland, Indiana, on the 1st of the 11th month last, AARON HODSON, in the 55th year of his age. and on on the 25th of the same month, in the twenty-ninth year of her age, LYDIA :the 2d of last month, in the 24th year of her age, ANNA, both daughters of the above named Aaron Hod son. From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. with no inconsiderable difficulty. Dr. Darwin says he once beheld a curious act of a wasp: it had caught a large fly, and in rising with it into the air, the breeze caught its wings, and nearly wrenched it from the wasp's clutches. The insect immediately alighted, and deliberately sawed off the wings of its victim, when it was able to carry it in safety away. There was a something nobler than instinct in this action; nor is it by any means an isolated example of insect sagacity. Others seek our orchards, select the ripest, sweetest fruits, suck their juices, and convey home the luscious treasure, of which but a small portion is for themselves. These foragers will even enter and rob beehives. Those that tarry at home, in every instance share the spoil. Our grocery stores, pastry cooks, and butchers' stalls, are equally attractive to the forager-wasps. Surely it is some palliation of the robbery, to remember the claims of hungry kinsfolk, friends, and acquaintances, and little ones at home! There is no squabbling at their orderly mealtimes; no fighting for the lion's share;' each expectant insect receives its due portion, and is content therewith. I have seen,' writes the fascinating observer Reaumur, a worker, after returning home with spoil, on entering the nest, quietly perch at the top and protrude a clear drop wasps drank of fluid from its mouth. Several together from this crystal drop until it was all swallowed; then the worker would cause a second, and sometimes a third drop to exude, the contents of which were distributed in peace to other wasps.' If we have any young readers of these entomological sketches, here is a lesson for them! Such is the birth and development of this insect colony-a lesson to states, and nations, and individuals, of the certain results of indomitable perseverance. Let us trace out its government and destinies. The empress-the protoplast of this interesting microcosm, the foundress of this bustling republic-is an exaggerated type of the duties of its female members. These are produced in comparatively small numbers; they perform the proper duties of wives and mothers; they stay at home, feed the children, and attend to the nurseries; they mostly perish before winter; but a few, more hardy than their fellows, endure its cold, and become the perpetuators of The mode of government is republican: there the race in the ensuing spring. The males, ac- is no recognized head, as with the bees; yet an cording to the younger Huber, are far more in- amount of even military discipline, and the utdustrious than the male bees, or drones, but are most order, are to be found among the subjects. less active by far than the neuters, or working-The good of the commonwealth seems to be the prevailing object of each insect. If the workers | to burrow to a considerable depth in its sub are building, each has its own spot, about an inch square, assigned to it, as the amount of work it is expected to execute. It was an interesting discovery of Mr. Knight, that wasps also have sentinels. These are placed at the entrance of the vespiary; they run gently in and out of it, and give immediate notice of the approach of danger. To their communications alone, does the community give heed; and on their giving the alarm, will issue in angry hosts to avenge the injury, and defend their home to the death. Sometimes, however, but rarely, intestine combats take place; and there are terrific duels between the workers, or between a worker and a male. This is a bad affair for the latter, as he has no sting his fate is generally to die. stance. It has the peculiarity of storing up ten or twelve green larvæ, as food for its own, and resorts to a curious contrivance to prevent them from moving out of its reach. The hornet, Vespa crabo, selects for its habitation commonly some decayed, hollow trunk, where, building its nest, it forms a tortuous gallery of entrance. The American farmers are said to make use of these nests to destroy domestic flies, hanging them up in their rooms, where they do not molest the family, but fall entirely upon the flies. Another species, the Vespa Britannica, forms a curious oval nest, sometimes to be seen hanging from the branches of trees. Others form elegant nests, like half-open flowers, with a platform of cells at the bottom. A foreign species constructs a beautiful nest, of a substance identical with the very finest card-board, suspending it, like a watch from a guard-chain, by a ring at the extremity of the bough, out of the reach of monkeys. Sometimes these nests grow to an enor mous size. Mr. Westwood states that the Zoological Society has one six feet long. A South American species of wasp imitates the bee, and is a collector of honey. Bold as are the Vespidæ, great as is their fecundity, they are mercifully kept in check. The ichneumon is their ferocious foe; in the West Indian islands they are the victims of a parasitic plant, which vegetates in their interior; man leagues his forces against them; and nature itself, in a deluging season or severe winter, destroys thousands, and prevents the plague be coming greater than we are able to bear. One of the most striking facts in the natural history of the Vespida is the occurrence of an annual massacre in October. Then the vespiary is indeed a scene of horrible atrocities and profuse carnage. The wasps, whose affection for their young is generally remarkably strong, seem then to be possessed with frenzied rage against them. They cease to feed their larvæ : they do worse,' angrily writes Reaumur; the mothers become implacable murderesses; they drag the helpless larvæ out of their cells, slay them, and scatter them outside the nest, strewing the very earth with their dead carcasses. There is no compunction: the massacre is universal.' A wise purpose is fulfilled by this apparent cruelty. The coming winter would rapidly destroy, by a far more miserable death, all that are killed on this occasion; and it is a stroke of mercy to terminate their suffering by a blow. The early frosts destroy the murderers themselves. The scene is now, in truth, altered; 'the populous city has become waste, and without inhabitant,' saving some one or two females, which spend the winter in the depths of the vespiary. The complicated galleries, cells, and hanging terraces, and the entire framework of the nest, are for ever vacated when the female leaves them in the spring; and this exquisite specimen of insect architecture is abandoned to the de-requisite to preserve what they have so successstroying influences of time and accident. These interesting features of the history of the Vespidae are full of subject-matter for our meditation and admiration, indicating, so clearly as they do, that the Hand that made them is divine; yet all these marvellous sagacities, contrivances, governing principles, present us with but dim and broken reflections of the far seeing Wisdom that created all things, and for whose pleasure they are and were created.' A few more particulars will make the history of this family a little more complete. The preceding sketch has dealt only with the common wasp, Vespa vulgaris. The mason-wasp is a solitary insect, and builds its nest in sand and brick, being able, by means of its strong mandibles, to break off pieces of brick with ease, and For Friends' Review. DRAINAGE IN HOLLAND. Few persons have a correct idea of the magnitude and expense of the operations of the Hol landers, in their attempts to reclaim from the dominion of the sea, the land on which this industrious and plodding people have built their homes. Incessant labour and watchfulness are fully accomplished: and it is a natural result of and threatened, if not arrested in its progress, to | gests that the lake might be economically and spread itself over to the sea, and completely de- profitably drained, and details the methods he tach North Holland from the district south of the would recommend for successfully accomplishRhine. It was at first but of inconsiderable size; ing this gigantic work. Occupied as the country but the wind swelled its waters and drove them then was with Spanish wars, the pamphlet of from time to time, over the natural bounds, and Leeghwater attracted considerable attention. It united five of the adjoining lakes in one broad went through three editions: but the project expanse. At present the lake covers an area of was one which required time to be digested; and seventy square miles, and the works erected to before it had been adequately discussed, there New adjustments, prevent its further encroachment on the land, came the peace of 1648. require an annual expenditure of twenty or thirty commercial and political, took place. Many prethousand dollars. vious calculations were now falsified-many projects deferred. Later still, the disastrous wars with Louis XIV. and with England, intervened; and the project of Leeghwater was lost sight of or forgotten. The following paragraphs are taken from a much more extended article in a late number of the Edinburgh Review, on the Drainage and Rural Industry of Holland, and will, it is apprehended, prove interesting to some who may not have had an opportunity of perusing the original article. Z. "It was in the beginning of the seventeenth century, when so much was daily occurring to animate and inspire the Hollanders, that the greatest of their existing drainages were performed. Without a rival on the seas-possessed of twelve hundred large merchant vessels, and seventy thousand seamen-building two thousand vessels of all sizes in a year, and enriched by the prodigious success of their Indian trade, there was no attempt to which their spirit was unequal-nothing which wealth could accomplish that they were unable to achieve. Among the remarkable men of this active period was Jan Adrianszoon Leeghwater. Born in 1575, in De Ryp, a village of North Holland, he early distinguished himself as an engineer and millmaker; and in this capacity was employed from 1608 to 1612 in draining the Beemster a large polder in North Holland, which alone contains 18,000 acres. He worked also at various times as a mill-wright, and as a carver in stone, wood, and ivory; he was a skilful mechanician, and built clocks and carrioles; he was a professed drainer, a land measurer, and was cunning in the construction of dykes and sluices. He possessed the art (which he exhibited at different times before persons of rank, but never revealed) of descending and remaining for a length of time befow the surface of the water-eating, writing, and playing on musical instruments the while. He visited and was employed in various countries-Denmark, Germany, France, and England—and lived to be nearly eighty years of age, though the year of his death is not recorded. "But the success of the steam trials on the If Zuid plas, and the discussion to which the works of Simons and Greve gave rise, lately recalled the idea of draining the Haerlem sea, proposed and recommended two centuries before. wealth no longer poured into the country so fast as when the scheme was first promulgated, the work itself, by the progress of art, had now become infinitely easier. They were offered the agency of a new instrument, before which the powers of their wind-mills quailed; and the most slow and sceptical began to confess, that what Leeghwater had so sanguinely pronounced to be possible, might now be comprehended among the reasonable expectations even of cautious and calculating men. "The arguments at present advanced in favour of the work, comprise one element, which Leeghwater himself had been unable to urge with equal force. The annual expense of caging and confining the waters of the lake, was now known by long experience. The practical minds of the Hollanders, therefore, were naturally much influenced by the statement, that both to keep dry and to maintain the dykes around this large area, when brought into the state of a polder, would not exceed in yearly expense the cost of maintaining the existing barrier dykes. "The drainage of the lake was, accordingly, resolved upon by the States General. A navigable ring canal was begun, we believe in 1840: and this, we understand, is now completed. At three distant points on the borders of the lake, as many monster engines are to be erected. These, it is calculated will exhaust the waters, and lay the bed of the lake dry, by fourteen months of incessant pumping; at a total cost, for machines and labour, of £140,000. The expense of main"The success which had attended the drainage taining the dykes and engines afterwards, will be of the North Holland polders, suggested to nearly five thousand pounds a year. The cost Leeghwater the bolder idea of applying a similar of maintaining the old barrier dykes, amounted, remedy to the larger sea or lake of Haerlem ;- as we have already stated, to about the same wall in the limits of the lake, pump out its sum. The land to be laid dry is variously estiwaters, and the danger of future encroachment mated at from fifty to seventy thousand acres. will be removed. Accordingly, in 1640, when Taking the lowest of these estimates, the cost of his experience was fully matured, he published reclaiming, amounts to £3 sterling per imperial his Het Haerlemmer Boek;' in which he sug-acre, and that of subsequently maintaining, to two |