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To be sown in March or April in beds very thin; as soon as the plants touch one another thin them, and leave them at four or six inches asunder; those drawn out, plant at the same distance. In July transplant them all upon beds, at eight inches asunder; there to remain till the end of September, when they must be planted upon the borders of the flower garden, and they will produce their flowers the next summer, after which they will perfect their seeds and die. 1. Canterbury bell 7. Poppy, yellow 2. Colutea, Ethiopian 8. Rocket 3. French honeysuckle 9. Scabious 4. Globe thistle

[horned

1. Adonis flower
2. Anemone

3. Asphodel
4. Asters

5. Batchelor's button

6. Bean-caper

7. Bear's-breech

8. Borage
9. Bugloss
10. Campanula
11. Campion

12. Cardinal flower
13. Christmas rose
14. Cowslip
15. Cranesbill
16. Crowfoot
17. Daisies

18. Dog-tooth violet
19. Dragons
20. Dropwort
21. Eternal flower
22. Fennel giant
23. Feverfew
24. Flag
25. Fox-glove
26. Fraxinella
27. Fumitory
28. Garlic

29. Gentianella
30. Golden locks
31. Golden rod
32. Greek valerian
33. Hellebore
34. Hepatica
35. Herb benet
36. Houseleek
37. Lady's mantle
38. Lady's slipper
39. Lady's smock
40. Lily of the valley
41. Lion's tail
42. London pride
43. Loose-strife
44. Lupine
45. Lychnis

46. Lychnidea 47. Madwort

48. Marsh Marygold 49. Meadow-sweet 50. Milfoil

51. Milk-vetch

52. Mint

53. Moth-mullen

54. Navelwort
55. Peony
56. Pilewort
57. Plantain
58. Primrose

59. Ragged Robin
60. Ranunculus
61. Reed

62. Rhubarb

63. Saxifrage

64. Skullcap 65. Sneezewort

66. Side-saddle flower 67. Soapwort 68. Solomon's seal 69. Spiderwort 70. Spurge 71. Stonecrop 72. Sunflower

73. Swallow-wort

74. Thrift

75. Throatwort
76. Toadflax
77. True love
78. Valerian
79. Vervain
80. Veronica
81. Violet
82. Viper's bug.099
83. Wake-robin
84. Willow-herb

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7. Bulbous and Tuberous Rooted Flowers.

10. Stock Julyflower

1. Aconites

2. Amaryllis

5. Honesty, or moon- 11. Sweet William

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14. Lily

15. Martagon

16. Narcissus

17. Pancratiums

18. Polyanthus Narcis

sus

19. Ranunculus 20. Sisyrinchium

21. Snowdrop

22. Star of Bethlehem 23. Tuberoses

24. Tulips

To be taken up in April, May, and June, as soon as their leaves are withered, and planted again in September or October, but their offsets in August. The ranunculuses and anemones not to be planted till February. The seed to be sown in February, in boxes.

8. Bulbous-rooted Flowers.
5. Daffodil

1. Amaryllis

2. Colchicum 3. Crocus

4. Cyclamen

6. Lily, Belladonna Guernsey

7.

8. Saffron

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The following method may be taken for preserving the blossoms of fruit trees in spring. Procure some sheep-hurdles made of hazel or willow branches, about two or three feet higher than the walls. At spring, just before the blossoms of the fruit-trees begin to open, place these before the trees, and fasten them in windy weather with stakes, and, by their being taller than the walls are high, they may be set sloping about two feet from the bottom of the walls, which will keep them steady. When the fruit is set, and entirely out of danger, take them quite away, and by keeping in a dry place they will last many years, and will be always worth one-third of the first cost for lighting fires, when unfit for any other use.

In an experiment that was made, the hurdles were placed before the trees in December; they also defended a crop of peas, and both seemed to be much benefited, particularly the peas. Possibly vines might also thus be defended in spring, and come forwarder; at least it is worth trying where the walls are not too high.

14. Hardy Greenhouse Plants.

To be planted against a south wall, in the open ground, the roots covered with tan or long litter. These will not be killed except in very severe frosts, and then they generally shoot up afresh from their roots. By this method, many curious plants, formerly only kept in greenhouses, will now ornament the walls, where they will appear in greater vigor and beauty, and many may produce both flowers and fruit, which they will not do when confined in nots in a greenhouse.

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For other particular operations in gardening, see ESPALIER, FRUIT-TREES, GRAFTING, GREENHOUSE, HOTBED, INARCHING, INOCULATING, ORCHARD, PLANTING, PRUNING, TREES, &c. &c. and the culture of the different plants under their respective generic names.

HORTUS SICCUS, a dry garden, an appellation given to a collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved. The value of such à collection is evident, as a thousand minutiæ may be preserved in the well-dried specimens of plants, which the most accurate engraver would overlook.

HORUS, a renowned deity of ancient Egypt. He was an emblem of the sun. Plutarch, in his treatise De Iside et Osiride, says, that virtue which presides over the sun, whilst he is moving through space, the Egyptians called Horus, and the Greeks Apollo.' Job also calls Ur or Orus, the sun-If I gazed upon the sun (Ur, Orus) when he was shining, or on the moon (Jarêcha) walking in brightness,' &c. Ch. xxxi. ver. 26, 27, 28. The interpretation left by Hermapion of the hieroglyphics engraved on the obelisk of Heliopolis (according to Ammianus Marcellinus) is in these remarkable words: Horus is the supreme lord and author of time.' He is called Invisible in winter, Jupiter in the spring, the Sun in summer, and towards the end of autumn the tender Jao.

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O thou! that art so faire and ful of grace,
Be thou min advocat in that high place,
Ther as withouten ende is songe Osanne,-
Thou Cristes mother doughter of dere Anne.

Chaucer, The Second Nonnes Tale.
Through the vast of heaven
It sounded, and the faithful armies rung
Hosanna to the Highest.
Milton.

The public entrance which Christ made into Jerusalem was celebrated with the hosannas and acclamations of the people. Fiddes.

HOSANNA, in the Hebrew ceremonies, was a prayer rehearsed on the several days of the feast of tabernacles; thus called, because there was frequent repetition therein of the word yoın, i. e. save us, we pray. There are many of these hosannahs. The Jews call them hoschannoth, i. e. the hosannahs: and style them hosanna of the first day, hosanna of the second day, &c., according as they are rehearsed.

HOSANNA RABBA, or grand hosanna, is a name given to the feast of the tabernacles, which lasts eight days; because during the course thereof they are frequently calling for the assistance of God, the forgiveness of their sins, and his blessing on the new year; and to that purpose they make great use of the hoschannoth above mentioned.-The Jews also apply the term hosanna rabba more peculiarly to the seventh day of this feast, because they more immediately on that day invoke the divine blessing, &c. HOSE, n. s. Sax. pora, plur. hosen ; HO'SIER, n. s. Welsh, hosan; Erse, ossan; HO'SIERY, n. s. plur. ossanen; Fr. chausse. Applicable either to breeches or stockings. Hosier, one who sells stockings. Hosiery, stockings and other articles of worsted, cotton, or silk.

These men were bound in their coats, hosen, hats, and other garments, and cast into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. Dan. iii. 21.

He being in love, could not see to garter his hose, and you, being in love, cannot see to put on your Shakspeare.

Id.

Guards on wanton Cupid's hose. Here's an English taylor come hither for stealing out of a French hose. Id.

hose. The Egyptians represented him borne on lions, which signified the sun's entrance into the sign of the lion. They who presided over the divine institutions then placed sphynxes at the head of the canals and sacred fountains, to warn the people of the approaching inundations. Plutarch, in his Treatise of Isis and Osiris, relates the sacred fable of Horus; that he was the son of Osiris and Isis; that Typhon, after killing his brother Osiris, took possession of the kingdom: that Horus, leaguing with Isis, avenged the death of his father, expelled the tyrant from his throne without depriving him of life, and reigned gloriously in Egypt. A person who has travelled in Egypt easily discovers natural phenomena hid under this veil of fable. As the philosophers acknowVOL. XI.

He cross examined both our hose, And plundered all we had to lose. Hudibras. Will she thy linen wash, or hosen darn, And knit thee gloves? Gay's Pastorals. As arrant a cockney as any hosier in Cheapside. Swift. HOSEA, the son of Beeri, one of the minor prophets, lived in the kingdom of Samaria, and delivered his prophecies under Jeroboam II. and his successors, kings of Israel; and under Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. His principal design is to publish the gross idolatries of the people of Israel and Judah, to denounce the divine vengeance against them, and to fortel the captivity in Assyria.

2 E

HOS PITABLE, adj.) Hos'PITABLY, adv. HOSPITAL, n. s. HOSPITALITY, N. 5, HOSPITALLER, N. S. HOSPITATE, v. a.

HOST, n. s. & v. a.

HOSTEL, n. s.

HOSTELRY, 2.s. HOSTESS, n. s.

Fr. hospital, hospitelite, hospitalier, hoste; Lat. hospitabilis, hospitalis, hospitor, hospes. These words signify places and persons, where and by whom kindness and entertainment are given to strangers, or relief HOSTESS SHIP, N. S. to the sick; together HOSTLER, n. s. with the correspondHOS TRY, n. s. Jing dispositions of generosity and liberality, as hospitable, hospital, hospitality: host has not only this meaning, but is also the landlord of an inn. Hostel, hostelry, an inn. Hostess-ship, a landlady of an inn. Hostler, one who takes care of horses at an inn. Hostelry, and hostry, the place where the horses of guests were kept. These words were formerly applied to gratuitous liberality shown to strangers and others by persons of opulence; but, with the exception of hospitality, are now generally used in reference to inns, where accommodations are purchased by the traveller. 'Hospitallers are religious persons of both sexes, who attended the sick in hospitals.'—Chaucer's Glossary.

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And bade our Hoste he shulde to him say, That alle we, to tell his tale him pray. Our Hoste had the wordes for us alle; Sire Preest, quod he, now faire befalle Say what you list and we shul gladly here. Chaucer. Prologue to the Persones Tale. But ley as still as any stone, remembryng his foly That he wold trust a Tapster of a common hostry. Chaucer. The Purdoncre and Tapstere. Saint Austin saith a man may be 'In houses that han properte, As Templars and Hospitelers.

Id. Romaunt of the Rose.

They spyed a goodly castle, placed
Foreby a river in a pleasant dale,
Which chusing for that evening's hospital,
They thither marched.

Faerie Queene.

The cause why they are now to be permitted is want of convenient inns for lodging travellers on horseback, and hostlers to tend their horses by the Spenser on Ireland.

way.

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Go, bear it to the centaur, where we host;
And stay there, Dromio, till I come to thee.
Shakspeare.

My master is of a churlish disposition,
And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.

Id. As You Like It.
It is my father's will I should take on me
The hostess-ship o'the' day you're welcome, sirs.
Shakspeare.

Time's like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand;
But with his arms out-stretched, as he would fly,
Grasps in the comer. Id. Troilus and Cressida.

Ye were beaten out of door,
And railed upon the hostess of the house.

Shakspeare.

I'm your host:

With robbers' hand my hospitable favour You should not ruffle thus.

Fair and noble hostess,

Id.

We are your guests to-night. Id. Macbeth.
Here, father, take the shadow of this tree
For your good host.
Id. King Lear.
Homer never entertained either guests or hosts
with long speeches, till the mouth of hunger be
stopped.
Sidney.
Undistinguished civility is like a whore or a hostess.
Temple.

Swift rivers are with sudden ice constrained,
And studded wheels are on its back sustained;
An hostry now for waggons, which before
Tall ships of burden on its bosom bore.

Dryden's Georgics. Receive the shipwrecked on your friendly shore; With hospitable rites relieve the poor. Dryden. Be as kind an hostess as you have been to me, and Id.

you can never fail of another husband. That always chuses an empty shell, and thus hospitates with the living animal in the same shell.

Grew's Museum.

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The first they reckon such as were granted to the hospitallers in titulum beneficii. Ayliffe's Parergon. The former liveth as piously and hospitably as the other. Swift.

How has this spirit of faction broke all the laws of charity, neighbourhood, aliiance, and hospitality. Id.

HOSPITAL, or spital, is formed of the Latin hospes, a host or stranger. See HOST. In the first ages of the church the bishop had the immediate charge of all the poor, also of the widows, orphans, strangers, &c. When the churches came to have fixed revenues, it was decreed that at least one-fourth part thereof should go to the relief of the poor; and, to provide for them the more commodiously, divers houses of charity were built, since denominated hospitals. They were governed wholly by the priests and deacons, under the inspection of the bishop. In course of time separate revenues were assigned for the hospitals; and many, from motives of piety and charity, gave lands and money for erecting hospitals. When the church discipline began to relax, the priests, who till then had been the administrators of hospitals, converted them into a sort of benefices, which they held at pleasure, reserving the greatest part of the income to their own use; so that the intentions of the founders were frustrated. To remove this abuse, the council of Vienne expressly prohibited the giving any hospital to secular priests in the

way of a benefice; and directed the administration thereof to be given to sufficient and responsible laymen, who should take an oath for the faithful discharge thereof, and be accountable to the ordinaries. This decree was confirmed by the council of Trent. In Britain hospitals are buildings properly endowed, or otherwise supported by charitable contributions, for the reception and support of the poor, aged, infirm, sick, or helpless. A charitable foundation, laid

thus for the sustenance of the poor, is to continue for ever. Any person seised of an estate in fee, may, by deed enrolled in chancery, erect and found an hospital, and nominate such heads and governors therein as he shall think fit; and this shall be incorporated, and subject to the inspection and guidance of the heads and visitors nominated by the founder. Likewise such corporations shall have, take, and purchase lands, so as not to exceed £200 a year, provided the same be not held of the king; and to make leases, reserving the accustomed yearly rent. For a list of the principal hospitals in this country, see ENGLAND.

HOSPITAL (Michael de l'), chancellor of France in the sixteenth century, was born at Auvergne in 1505. Although, from political motives, he opposed all severe measures against the Protestants, yet, to prevent the introduction of the inquisition, he agreed to the edict of Romorantin. The spirit of toleration he evinced made him much suspected by the Roman Catholics, and extremely odious to the court of Rome. His pacific views being disliked by Catharine de Medicis, who had contributed to his advancement, she excluded him from the council of war. He retired in 1568 to his country seat at Vignia, but his privacy was cruelly interrupted by the massacre of St. Bartholomew. When a troop of horse approached his house he was asked if he would defend himself by fire-arms; By no means,' said he, if the wicket is not wide enough to admit the assassins, set open the great gates.' The men, however, who were sent on the bloody errand, were overtaken by a message from the king, announcing that l'Hospital was not among the proscribed, and he was told that the authors of the deed had pardoned him his constant opposition to their plans; I did not indeed know,' said the old chancellor, that I had merited either death or pardon.' He died in 1573, aged sixtyeight. He published some excellent speeches, memoirs, and poems.

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HOSPODAR, a title borne by the princes of Walachia and Moldavia, who receive the investiture of their principalities from the grand seignior. HOST, n. s. & v. n. Fr. hostilité; Lat. hosHOSTAGE, n. s. tis, hostilis. An army; HOSTILE, adj. numbers assembled in HOSTILITY, n. s. war; any great number. HOSTINGS, n. s. Host, to encounter in

battle; to review or muster. Hostage, one left
in pledge for security of performance of condi-
tions. Hostile, adverse; opposite. Hostility,
the practices of an open enemy; open war; op-
position in war.

Octavian, that wode was of this dede,
Shope him-an hoste on Anthony to lede,
Al utterly for his destruction,

With stoute Romaines, cruel as lion.

Chaucer. Legende of Good Women.
Therfor he made his chalenge his yen for to have
Or els he shuld for them fyne yf he wold them have,
And ligg for them in hostage till the fynaunce came,
This was the soulte of the blynde man.

Id. The Merchantes Second Tule.
Lords have had the leading of their own followers
to the general hostings.
Spenser on Ireland.

He has now at last
Given hostile strokes, and that not in the presence
Of dreaded justice, but on the ministers
That do distribute it.

Give to a gracious message

Shakspeare.

An host of tongues; but let ill tidings tell
Themselves, when they be felt.

Id.

Let every soldier hew him down a bough,
And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host.
Id. Macbeth.

Your hostages I have, so have you mine;
And we shall talk before we fight. Shakspeare.
Do this message honourably;

And, if he stand on hostage for his safety,
Bid him demand what pledge will please him best.
Jil.

Neither by treason nor hostility

To seek to put me down, and reign thyself. Id. He that hath wife and children, hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.

Bacon.

Hostility being thus suspended with France, preparation was made for war against Scotland. Hayward. What peace can we return,

But, to our power, hostility and hate,
Untamed reluctance and revenge?

Strange to us it seemed

Milton.

At first, that angel should with angel war, And in fierce hostings meet. "Twixt host and host but narrow space was left

HOSPITAL (William Francis Antony), marquis de St. Merne, a celebrated mathematician, born in 1661. He was a geometriciau almost from his infancy; but, at the age of nineteen, entered the army, and was made a captain of horse. He however soon gave up his commission, in order more closely to follow his favorite pursuit. 1693 he was made an honorary member of the academy of sciences at Paris; and he published A dreadful interval, and front to front a work upon Sir Isaac Newton's calculations, entitled, L'Analyse des Infinimens Petits. He engaged afterwards in another work, in which he included Les Sections Coniques, les Lieux Geometriques, la Constructions des Equations, et Une Theorie des Courbes Mechaniques: but a little before he finished it he was seized with a fever, of which he died, February 2d, 1704, aged forty-three. It was published after his death.

HOSPITALLERS, an order of religious knights, who built an hospital at Jerusalem, wherein pilgrims were received. To these pope Clement V. transferred the effects and revenues of the templars; whom, by a council held at Vienne, he suppressed for their misdemeanours. hospitallers were called knights of St. John at Jerusalem; and are now called knights of Malta. See MALTA.

These

Presented stood in terrible array
Of hideous length.

Fierce Juno's hate,

Id.

Id.

Added to a hostile force, shall urge thy fate.
Dryden.

After these came, armed with spear and shield,
An host so great as covered all the field.
Id.

New authors of dissension spring from him,
Two branches, that in hosting long contend
For sovereign sway.
Philips.
We have shewed ourselves fair, nay, generous ad-

versaries; and have carried on even our hostilities

with humanity.

Atterbury.

they will not attempt to ruin or disturb the peace of it. They who marry give hostages to the publick, that

Id.

The Romans, having seized a great number of hostages, acquainted them with their resolution.

Arbuthnot on Coins.

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