The pains of sickness and hurts, hunger, thirst, and cold, all men feel.

Locke.

Prior.

In arms and science tis the same, Our rivals' hurts create our fame. HURTERS, in fortification, pieces of timber about six inches square, placed at the lower end of the platform, next the parapet, to prevent the wheels of the gun carriage from hurting the parapet, whence the name. HURTLE, v. n. & v. a. Prabably from hurt. Fr. heurter; Ital. urtare. To clash; to skirmish; to run against any thing; to jostle; to meet in shock and encounter; to move with violence or impetuosity, but this meaning is obsolete.

He foineth on his foo with a tronchoun; An he him hurtleth with his hors, adoun. Chaucer. The Knightes Tale.

bonde, a conductor, a male guide. A man married to a woman; the male of animals: an economist; a man that knows and practises the methods of frugality and profit: a tiller of the ground, or farmer: the verb signifies to manage with frugality; to till or cultivate: husbandless, husbandman, an agriculturist: husbandry, tilwithout a husband: husbandly, thrifty; frugal: lage of land by manual labor; thrift; frugality; parsimony.

And after dinner, gonnen they to dance And sing also, sauf Dorigene alone, Which made alway hire complaint and hire mone, For she ne saw him on the dance go, That was hire husband and hir love also.

Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale. This widewe, which I tell you of my tale, Sin thilke day that she was last a wif, In patience led a full simple lif. For litel was hir catel and hir rente;

The painful husband ploughing up his ground,
Shall find all fret with rust, both pikes, and shields.
Hakewill.

He was a father to the fatherless,
To widows he supplied a husband's care.
Fletcher's Purple Island.
Thus with Sapphira and her husband's fate
(A fault which I like them am taught tɔo late),
For all that I gave up I nothing gain,
And perish for the past that I retain.
Such, as good husbands covet or good wives
(The dere companions of most happy lives)
Wrong courses take to gain them; yet contemne
Their honest love, who rightly counsel them.

Cowley.

G. Withers.

A family governed with order will fall naturally to he several trades of husbandry, tillage, and pasturage. Temple.

This careful husband had been long away, Whom his chaste wife and little children mourn.

Dryden.

If continued rain The lab'ring husband in his house restrain, Let him forecast his work. Id. Georgicks. Let any one consider the difference between an acre of land sown with wheat, and an acre of the same land lying without any husbandry upon it, and he will find that the improvement of labour makes the value. Locke.

The contract and ceremony of marriage is the occasion of the denomination of relation of husband. Id. The greatest schemes which human wit can forge, Or bold ambition dares to put in practice, Depend upon our husbanding a moment, And the light lasting of a woman's will.

Rowe's Lady Jane Grey. You bave already saved several millions to the publick, and that what we ask is too inconsiderable to break into any rules of the strictest good husbandry.

Swift.

The mule being more swift in his labour than the ox, more ground was allowed to the mule by the husbandman. Broome.

And if in the mean time her husband died, But heaven forbid that such a thought should cross Her brain though in a dream! (and then she sighed),

Never could she survive the common loss.

HUSBANDRY, as an art, may include all that is practical in AGRICULTURE as a science. See that article.

the selection and management of stock and the It is usually held to embrace still more, i. e. entire business of the grazier. The usuage of our language, as will be seen above, even down to Swift's time, included also in good husbandry domestic management of all sorts, and even political economy. It was originally applied to agricultural pursuits only because they formed one of the largest of the ordinary occupations of mankind. On consideration, therefore, we have felt that RURAL ECONOMY will more specifically designate the practical parts of the science of agriculture, not included in that article: we may hope at that period of our work to see some of the contemplated measures of government with regard to the agricultural interests assume a definite shape; and shall be able to include the latest agricultural inventions and improvements. HUSH, interj., adj., & v. n. HUSH-UP, v. a. HUSH-MONEY.

Danish hys; Goth. thus. The

Sinterjection is

expressive of silence! be still! no noise! the adjective signifies silent; quiet: the verbs, to be still, or cause to be still; to appease: to hushup, to suppress in silence; to forbid to be mentioned: hush-money, a bribe to secure silence.

'Husht! pees,' quod the miller, seist thou not the Frere

How he lowreth under his hood with a doggish eye. Chaucer. The Pardonere and Tapstere. When they were set, and husht was al the place. Id. The Knightes Tale.

This frowned, that fawned, the third for shame did blush;

Another seemed envious or coy;
Another in her teeth did gnaw a rush ;

But at these strangers' presence every one did hush.
Spenser.

Speak softly;

All's husht as midnight yet.

Shakspeare. Tempest.

My love would speak; my duty hushes me.

Alas! thou art pale, and on thy brow the drops Gather like night new. My beloved, hush— Calm thec.

Byron.

Speak to me,

For I have called on thee in the still night, Startled the slumbering birds from the hushed boughs,

And woke the mountain wolves, and made the caves Acquainted with thy vainly echoed name.

Id. Manfred. HUSK, n. s. & v. a. Belg. hulsck; Swed. HUS'KED, adj. hulsa. The outmost inHUSKY, adj. Stegument of fruits: husk, to strip off the integument: husked, covered with a husk husky, abounding in husks.

Do but hehold yon poor and starved band, And your fair souls shall suck away their souls, Leaving them but the shales and husks of men. Shakspeare.

Thy food shall be

Do not content yourselves with mere words, lest you feed upon husks instead of kernels. Watts. HUSS (John), an eminent reformer and martyr, born at Huss, in Bohemia. He lived at Prague, where he was distinguished by his uncommon erudition and eloquence, and performed the functions of professor of divinity in the university, and pastor in the church of that city. He adopted the sentiments of Wickliffe, and the Waldenses; and in 1407 began openly to oppose and preach against divers errors in doctrine, as well as corruptions in point of discipline, then reigning in the church. He also endeavoured to withdraw the university of Prague from the jurisdiction of Gregory XII. whom the kingdom of Bohemia had hitherto acknowledged

as the lawful head of the church. This occasioned a violent altercation between the archbishop of Prague and our reformer, which the latter daily augmented by his exclamations against the court of Rome, and the corruptions that prevailed among the sacerdotal order. Several other circumstances contributed to inflame

the resentment of the clergy against him. He adopted the philosophical opinions of the Realists, and strongly opposed, and persecuted, as some say, the Nominalists, whose number and influence were considerable in the university of Prague. He also multiplied the number of his enemies in 1408, by procuring a sentence in favor of the Bohemians, who disputed with the Germans concerning the number of suffrages which their respective nations were entitled to, in all matters decided by election, in this university. In consequence of a decree obtained in favor of the former, which restored them to their constitutional right of three suffrages, usurped by the latter, the Germans withdrew from Prague, and, in 1409, founded a new academy at Leipsic. This event no sooner happened than Huss began to inveigh with greater freedom than he had before done, against the vices and corruptions of the clergy, and to recommend, in a public manner, the writings and opinions of Wickliffe, as far as they related to the papal hierarchy, the despotism of the court of Rome, and the corruption of the clergy. Hence an accusation was brought against him, in 1410, before the tribunal of John XXIII., by whom he was solemnly expelled from the communion of the church. Notwithstanding this sentence of excommunication, he proceeded to expose the Romish church with a fortitude and zeal that were almost universally applauded. He was now, therefore, summoned to appear before the council of Constance. Secured, as he apprehended, from the rage of his enemies, by the safe ccnduct granted him by the emperor Sigismund for his journey to Constance, his residence in that place, and his return to his own country, he obeyed the order of the council, and appeared before it to demonstrate his innoBut, by the most scandalous breach of public faith, he was cast into prison, declared a heretic, and burnt alive in 1415; a punishment which he endured with unparalleled magnanimity and resolution. The same uuhappy fate attended Jerome of Prague, his intimate companion, who attended the council to support his persecuted friend. See JEROME. John Huss's writings, which were numerous and learned, were burnt along with him; but copies of most, if not all of them, were preserved, and published after the invention of printing.

cence.

HUSSITES, in ecclesiastical history, a party of reformers, the followers of John Huss. They adhered to their master's doctrine after his death with a zeal which broke out into an open war, that was carried on with the most savage and unparalleled barbarity. John Ziska, a Bohemian knight, in 1420, put himself at the head of the Hussites, who were now become a very considerable party, and threw off the despotic yoke of Sigismund, who had treated their brethren in the most barbarous manner. Ziska was succeeded by Procopius, in the year 1424. The acts of

barbarity that were committed on both sides were horrible beyond expression: for, notwithstanding the irreconcileable opposition between the religious sentiments of the contending parties, they both agreed in this one horrible principle, that it was lawful to persecute and extirpate with. fire and sword the enemies of the true religion; and such they reciprocally held each other. These commotions in a great measure subsided, by the interference of the council of Basil, in 1433. The Hussites, who were divided into two parties, the Calixtines and Taborites, spread over all Bohemia and Hungary, and even Silesia and Poland; and there are remains of them still subsisting in all these parts.

HUSTINGS, n.s. Sax, þurring. A council; a court held; the place where it is held.

HUSTINGS is a court held in Guildhall before the lord-mayor and aldermen of London, and reckoned the supreme court of the city. Here deeds may be enrolled, outlawries sued out, and replevins and writs of error determined. In this court also is the election of the lord-mayor and sheriffs, of the four members of parliament for the city, &c. This court is very ancient, as appears from the laws of Edward the Confessor. Some other cities have likewise had a court bearing the same name, as Winchester, York, &c.

HUSTLE, v. a. Perhaps corrupted from hurtle. To shake together in confusion.

HUSTNAPOOR, or HASTINANAGARA, a once famous and ancient city, founded by Rajah Hasti, fifty miles north-east from the city of Delhi, much celebrated in the Hindoo Mythological Poems. It is about twenty miles southwest from Daranagur, standing on a branch of the Ganges, formerly the bed of that river. There remains only a small place of worship, the extensive site of the ancient city being entirely covered with large ant-hills.

HUSUM, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, and capital of the bailiwic of Husum, with a strong citadel and a very handsome church. It is seated on the river Ow, on the German Ocean, and is subject to the duke of Holstein Gottorp. Long. 9° 8' E., lat. 54°. 32' N.

HUS'WIFE, n. s. & v. u. From housewife. HUS'sy, n. s. It is common to HUS'WIFERY, n. s. use housewife in a good, and huswife in a bad sense. A bad manager; also a thrifty woman; an economist: huswifery, good or bad management, especially in rural business. Hussy (corrupted from housewife, taken in an ill sense), a sorry or a bad woman; a worthless wench. It is often used ludicrously in slight disapprobation. See HOUSEWIFE.

Good huswifery trieth
To rise with the cock;
Ill huswifery lyeth

Till nine of the clock.

If cheeses in dairie have Argus his eyes, Tell Cisley the fault in her huswifery lies.

Why should you want?

Tusser.

The bounteous huswife, Nature on each bush Lays her fulness before you.

Bianca,

A huswife, that, by selling her desires, Buys herself bread and cloth.

Id.

Shakspeare.

Id. Othello.

The best way to keep them after they are threshed, is to dry them well, and keep them in hutches, or close casks. Mortimer.

HUTCHESON (Dr. Francis), an elegant writer of the eighteenth century, the son of a dissenting minister in the north of Ireland. He was born in 1694, and, having gone through the usual school education, was removed to the University of Glasgow. He afterwards returned to Ireland, and was about to be settled as minister to a small congregation of dissenters, in the north of that country, when some gentlemen of Dublin invited him to commence a private academy there. He had been fixed but a short time in Dublin, when his merits made him generally known; and his acquaintance was sought by men of all ranks, who had a taste for literature. Lord viscount Molesworth, and Dr. Synge, bishop of Elphin, lived in friendship with him, and assisted him with their observations upon his Enquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, before it came abroad. The first edition was published without the author's name; but such was the reputation of the work, that lord Granville, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, enquired out the author, and treated him with distinguished marks of his esteem. From this time his acquaintance began to be still more courted by men of distinction in Ireland. A few years after his Enquiry, his Treatise on the Passions was published. Both these works have been often reprinted, and much admired, even by those who have not assented to his philosophy. After conducting a private academy in Dublin for seven or eight years, with great reputation and success, he was called, in 1729, to Scotland, to be professor of philosophy in the University of Glasgow. Several young gentlemen came with him from the academy, and his high reputation drew many more thither from England and Ireland. He died in 1747, aged fifty-three, leaving behind him one son, Francis Hutcheson, M. D., who published, from his father's original MS., A system of Moral Philosophy, in three books; at Glasgow, 1755, in 2 vols. 4to.

HUTCHINS (John), an English topographer, born at Bradford Peverell, where his father was curate, in 1698. He was educated at Baliol College, Oxford; and, having entered into orders, obtained several benefices, and at last the rectory of Wareham, in 1743, where he died in 1773. He wrote the History and Antiquities of the

county of Dorset, which was published by subscription in 2 vols. folio, with a number of beautiful plates.

HUTCHINSON (John), a well known philosophical writer, born in 1674. He at first served the duke of Somerset as steward, and in the course of his travels employed himself in collecting fossils. The duke afterwards made him his riding surveyor, a sinecure place of £200 ayear, with a good house in the Meuse. In 1724 he published the first part of his Moses's Principia, in which he ridiculed Dr. Woodward's Natural History of the Earth, and attacked the doctrine of gravitation established in Newton's Principia; in 1727 he published the second part of his Moses's Principia, containing the principles of the Scripture philosophy. From this time to his death, he published a volume every year or two; which, with the MSS. he left behind him, were published in 1748, in 12 vols. 8vo. An abstract of the whole has been published in 1 vol. 12mo. However fanciful or extravagant his views of Scripture, his writings are the result of intense study and application. He died August 28th, 1737.

HUTCHINSONIANS, a name given to those who adopt the religious and philosophical opinions of Mr. J. Hutchinson. The reader may find a distinct and comprehensive summary of the Hutchinsonian system in a book, entitled Thoughts concerning Religion, &c., printed in Edinburgh in 1743; and in a letter to a bishop, annexed to it, first printed in 1732, and written by president Forbes. Bishop Horne, the Rev. Julius Bates, and the Rev. W. Jones, as well as the respectable lexicographer Mr. Parkhurst, have been considered as his disciples.

HUTTANY, a large trading town in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Bejapoor, twenty miles east from Mirjee. It has an extensive commerce with Bombay, Surat, Rachore, &c., in its manufactures of silk and cotton sarees, piece goods, &c., but its staple article is grain. The town is enclosed by a wall and ditch, and there is a stone fort of no great strength. But here is an excellent durrumsalla, or place of accommodation for travellers. It is capable of lodging 500 persons, the horses and camels being picketed round the building. Huttany was, in 1679, a considerable place when it was taken from Serajee, who had reduced it, by the confederates from Bejapoor; and the English factory at Carwar, about the middle of the seventeenth century, had considerable traffickings here; but, on account of its frequent revolutions, the intercourse was discontinued.

HUTTEN (Ulric De), one of the early reformers, was born at Seckenburg, the seat of his family, in 1488. He studied at Fulda in 1506, and took the degree of M. A. at Frankfort on the Oder; after which he went into the imperial army, and was at the siege of Padua in 1509. Having published several poetical pieces, which were much admired, the emperor Maximilian I., upon his return to Germany in 1516, bestowed on him the poetical crown. His cousin John de Hutten, court-marshal to Ulric, duke of Wirtemberg, being murdered by the duke, our author gave vent to his vengeance, not only by his pen, in satirising the duke in various poems, letters,

orations, and dialogues (collected and printed at Steckleburg in 1519, 4to), but also by his sword; for the duke being impeached before the diet of Augsburgh, for this and other crimes, and a league being formed against him, Hutten engaged in the war. About 1520, having become a convert to the doctrines of Luther, Hutten employed his pen in defence of that great reformer, and published Leo the Xth's bull against him with comments, which so exasperated the Pope that he wrote to Albert elector of Mentz, in whose military service Hutten had engaged, to send him bound hand and foot to Rome. Hutten, however, withdrew to Brabant, and was for some time at the court of the emperor Charles V. He afterwards went to Ebernburg, where he was protected by Francis de Sickengen, a friend of Luther. He died, in August 1523, in an island in the lake of Zurich. His Latin poems were published at Frankfort in 12mo, in 1538.

HUTTON (Charles), LL. D. and F. R. S., a celebrated mathematician, was born at Newcastleupon-Tyne, August 14th, 1737. At an early age, and during the laborious accumulation of most of his own elementary knowledge, he undertook the profession of a teacher, at a village called Jesmond, from whence he removed to his native place, where he conducted a respectable seminary from 1760 to 1773. At this period he had lord Eldon, the late chancellor, for a pupil. In 1771, the bridge of Newcastle being nearly destroyed by a flood, Mr. Hutton drew up suggestions for the future security of the fabric. In 1773 he offered himself as a candidate for the professorship of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and, after a rigid examination, was elected. Soon after he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, whose transactions he enriched with so many valuable papers, that he was fixed upon, in 1775, to conduct the observations on the Mean Density of the Earth. He was also appointed the foreign secretary to the society, which office he held till the accession of Sir Joseph Banks to the presidency, who rather illiberally displaced him, on the plea that the situation ought to be filled by a resident of the metropolis. Upon this the doctor resigned. In 1785 Dr. Hutton published his Mathematical Tables; and, the year following, Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects, 3 vols. 8vo. In 1787 appeared the Compendious Measurer, which was followed by his Elements of Conic Sections. In 1795 came out his Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, in 2 vols. 4to. In 1803 he undertook, with Drs. Pearson and Shaw, an abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions. While this great undertaking was in progress, he produced a translation of Montucla's Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and a Course of Mathematics, in two octavo volumes. In 1806 he resigned the mastership of the Academy at Woolwich, on a pension of £500 a-year. He died at his house in Bedfordrow, January 27th, 1823. Dr. Hutton was twice married, and left one son, a general in the army, and two daughters.

HUTTON (William), an ingenious miscellaneous writer, was born at Derby in 1723. From the age of seven to fourteen he worked at a silk-mill, and was afterwards apprenticed to a stocking-weaver