jurisdiction to review the judgments of the ON A CERTIFICATE from the United

Argued February 27, 28, 1907. Decided April tive counties in such amount as the county

the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad requested the county court to submit to the qualified voters of the county the question whether the county should subscribe to $250,000 of the capital stock of the company, payable in bonds of the county, whereupon the judge of the county court on the 17th of June, 1869, ordered an election in the following terms:

board of trustees, or mayor and aldermen and kind of payment that may be set forth of any town, and the mayor and aldermen in the subscription." The commissioners of or council of any city, are hereby authorized to issue the bonds of their respective towns or cities in like manner. All said bonds shall be payable to bearer, with coupons attached, bearing any rate of interest not exceeding 6 per cent per annum, payable semiannually in the city of New York, payable at such times as they may designate, not exceeding thirty years from date; but before any such subscriptions on the part of any city, town, or county shall be valid or binding on the same the mayor and aldermen, or chairman and board of trustees of any town, the mayor and aldermen or council of any city, and the county court of any county, having jurisdiction, shall submit the question of any such subscription to the qualified voters of such city, town, or county in which the proposed subscription is made, at such time or times as said chairman and board of trustees, or mayor and al-. dermen of any town, mayor and aldermen or council of any city, or the county court of any county, as aforesaid, may, by order, direct; and should a majority of the qualified voters voting at any such election vote in favor of subscribing said stock in said railroad company, it shall be the duty of such county court, trustees, or other authorities aforesaid, to make the subscription in the name of their respective cities, towns, or counties, as the case may be, and proceed to have issued the bonds to the amount of such subscription as hereinbefore directed;

"That, if preferred, the application herein authorized to be made to the county court may be made to the presiding judge of the county court; and all the powers herein given to the county court are hereby vested in the presiding judge of the county court. At all meetings of the stockholders for the purpose of electing officers, or any other purpose, the said town, cities, and counties may, by proxies duly authorized by the authorities thereof, cast a vote for each share so subscribed by said town, city, or county." The charter gives to the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad "all the powers and privileges conferred upon the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company by the laws of Kentucky for constructing and operating their said proposed railroad." The charter of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company provides "that said railroad company may receive subscriptions of stock to their company by individuals, towns, cities, counties, or other corporations, whether payable in money or other things, with such terms and time of payment, conditions annexed,

"Whereas the commissioners of the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad Company, by virtue of the authority delegated to them by the charter of said company, have requested the county court of Green county, to order an election in said county of Green, and to submit to the qualified voters of said county the question whether said county court shall subscribe for and on behalf of said county $250,000 to the capital stock of the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad Company, and payable in the bonds of said county, having twenty years to run, and bearing 6 per cent interest from date, and upon condition that said company shall locate and construct said railroad through said county of Green, and within 1 mile of the town of Greensburg, in said county, and shall expend the amount so subscribed within the limits of Green county; and also upon the further condition that said bonds shall not be issued or said county pay any part of the principal or interest on said amount subscribed to said Cumberland & Ohio Railroad Company, until said county of Green is fully and completely exonerated from the payment of the capital stock voted by said county, and authorized to be subscribed by said Green county court to the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad, or any part of the interest thereon. It is therefore ordered by the court that an election, by the qualified voters of Green coun ty, at the voting places in said county, be held and conducted by the several officers, as prescribed by law, for holding elections, on the 3d day of July, 1869, to vote on the question as to whether or not the said county court shall, for and on behalf of said county, subscribe $250,000 to the capital stock of said Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, conditioned and to be paid as above stated."

The election was duly held July 3. 1869, and the vote was in the affirmative. During the year before this vote the voters of the county had voted in favor of a proposition to subscribe to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad, thereupon the county judge had ordered the clerk of his court to make a subscription to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad Company, "on the terms specified in the order submitting the question to a vote." This

The plaintiff is the bona fide holder for value of the bonds and coupons in suit but had notice that the railroad had not been laid further than Greensburg, and therefore did not extend "through" the county.

The questions certified by the circuit court of appeals are:

"1st. Do the facts found by the circuit

was the subscription from which Green county desired to be exonerated before the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad bonds should be issued, or any part of their principal or interest paid. On June 3, 1870, the county judge entered an order reciting the election at which the qualified voters had approved the subscription to the capital stock of the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, and conclud-court conclude or estop the county from deing: "Now, therefore, I, Thomas R. Bar- nying liability to the plaintiff upon the nett, the presiding judge of the Green coun- bonds and coupons in suit, by reason of ty court, by virtue of the authority in me noncompliance with the terms and condivested by law, and to carry out the wishes tions imposed by the favorable vote of the of said voters, do hereby subscribe for $250,- county authorizing a subscription to the 000 of the capital stock of said Cumberland stock of the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad & Ohio Railroad Company for and on behalf Company and the issuance of bonds in payof said county of Green, which subscription ment therefor? Or, if this question should is to be paid in the bonds of said county be deemed too broad, then, as prescribed in said order of submission, and this subscription is made with the conditions set out in the order of this court ordering said election, and now of record in the office of this county."

At the April term, 1871, the supreme court of the state rendered a decision in the case of Mercer County Court v. Kentucky River Nav. Co. 8 Bush, 300. It is argued that this decision shows that the subscription to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad void. However

that may be, at a time which does not distinctly appear, but later than that decision, the judge of the county court issued and delivered to the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad Company bonds of Green county to a small amount. On August 15, 1872, the judge, in a formal order, reciting that application had been made for the issue of the balance of the bonds, directed that, "the court being sufficiently advised," they be signed and issued. Thereupon certificates of 2,500 shares of that stock of the par value of $100 per share were delivered to Green county, which has since held and owned them. It was conceded at the argument that the county had made payment of interest on the bonds thus issued to the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad. No formal or express exoneration of said county from the payment of the subscription to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Ten

nessee Railroad was ever made or attempted, but nothing further has, up to this date, ever been done in respect to it, and neither bonds by the county nor stock by the said last-named railroad company have ever been issued or delivered in execution of said orders or under the terms of said subscription. The proceeds of $150,000 of the bonds were expended within Green county in the partial construction of 5 miles of the road to Greensburg. This 5 miles was completed by a lessee at its own expense. Nothing else has been done within the county.

"2d. Assuming the facts to be as found, was a bona fide purchaser, before maturity, of these bonds and coupons for value, entitled to assume in his purchase that Green county had, before their issuance, been 'fully and completely exonerated from the payment of the capital stock subscribed for by the county court of said county for and in behalf of said county to the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad Company?" "

Messrs. Edmund F. Trabue, George DuRelle, John J. McHenry, John C. Doolan, and Attilla Cox, Jr., for Quinlan.

Messrs. Ernest Macpherson and John W. Lewis for Green county.

Mr. Justice Moody, after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court:

The first question certified is thought by a majority of the court to contain more than a single question or proposition of law, and for that reason it is not answered.

The second question deals with the exoneration from subscription to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad Company which was made by the vote of the county a condition to the issue of the bonds, and we confine our consideration to that question and the facts relevant to it.

There is no doubt of the power of the defendant to issue the bonds. The legislature of Kentucky gave it in plain terms, upon the condition that its exercise receive the approval of the qualified voters. That approval was given upon the condition imposed by the vote that the bonds should not be issued before the county had been exonerated from a subscription to the stock of another railroad company. the county the right to impose conditions. This particular condition is a condition precedent to the lawful issue of the bonds although it must not be understood that this

The law gave

statement applies to the other so-called [ been complied with, merely from the facts conditions expressed in in the vote. Of of the subscription and issue. But in this them nothing is intended to be said. If case there was a recital, and subsequent there had been a recital in the bonds which cases have limited the adjudication to the imported that the condition had been per- precise point necessarily decided. Citizens' formed, that would have been conclusive in Sav. & L. Asso. v. Perry County, ubi supra. favor of a bona fide holder. Provident Life & In Marshall County v. Schenck, 5 Wall. 772, T. Co. v. Mercer County, 170 U. S. 593, 42 L. 18 L. ed. 556, it was said obiter by Mr. Jused. 1156, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 788; Gunnison tice Clifford, speaking of bonds of the kind County v. E. H. Rollins & Sons, 173 U. S. under consideration, "the bona fide holder 255, 43 L. ed. 689, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 390. has a right to presume they were issued But there was no such recital in the body under the circumstances which gave the of these bonds, and the words of the head-requisite authority." The same dictum was ing, "For the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad," in substance repeated by the same justice cannot be interpreted as such without going in Lexington v. Butler, 14 Wall. 282-296, 20 beyond the decided cases, which themselves L. ed. 809-812. have gone far. In the absence of a recital it is open to the defendant to show that the condition which it had a right to impose and did impose by the vote of its electors had not been complied with. Citizens' Sav. & L. Asso. v. Perry County, 156 U. S. 692, 39 L. ed. 585, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 547. In other words, in the absence of a recital, the performance of the condition is not conclusively presumed.

But, by the terms of the law, it was the duty of the judge of the county court, in whom the powers of the court were vested, to issue the bonds. After a favorable vote has been had in an election called by the court, the law provides that "it shall be the duty of said county court . . . to make the subscription in the name of their counties. and proceed to have is sued the bonds to the amount of such subscription, as herein before directed." This clearly placed upon the judge the duty and responsibility of ascertaining and determining whether the condition of the issue of the bonds had been complied with. Coloma v. Eaves, 92 U. S. 484, 23 L. ed. 579.

If he had issued the bonds and they had contained in them recitals which fairly imported a compliance with the condition upon the happening of which their issue was authorized, they would have gone into the hands of innocent holders with a conclusive presumption that the condition had been performed. This principle has been announced by repeated decisions of this court and needs no other citations to support it than those already made. Without such recital the presumption is, as has been shown, not conclusive. The further question arises, therefore, whether there is any presumption at all of the performance of the condition from the facts of subscription and issue. In the first case dealing with this question (Knox County v. Aspinwall, 21 How. 539, 16 L. ed. 208), it was said that a purchaser of such bonds had the right to assume that the condition of their issue had

In Pendleton County v. Amy, 13 Wall. 297, 20 L. ed. 579, it appeared that the county of Pendleton had issued bonds in aid of a railroad company. An act of the legislature gave the county the authority to issue the bonds, provided a majority of the real estate owners of the county should so vote. One of the pleas of the defendant in an action on the bonds was that they had never been authorized by the vote prescribed in the act which gave the power to issue them. This plea was demurred to, and the court passed upon the question thus raised. Mr. Justice Strong, in delivering the opinion of the court, said:

"If the right to subscribe be made dependent upon the result of a popular vote, the officers of the county must first determine whether the vote had been taken as directed by law, and what the vote was. When, therefore, they make a subscription, and issue county bonds in payment, it may fairly be presumed, in favor of ar innocent purchaser of the bonds, that the condition which the law attached to the exercise of the power has been fulfilled. To issue the bonds without the fulfilment of the precedent conditions would be a misdemeanor, and it is to be presumed that public officers act rightly. act rightly. We do not say this is a conclusive presumption in all cases, but it has more than once been decided that a county may be estopped against asserting that the conditions attached to a grant of power were not fulfilled.”

In this case there was no recital in the bond. It appeared by the pleadings that the bonds had been exchanged for the stock of the railroad company which was retained, and the decision was based upon the ground that the retention of the stock created an estoppel.

In the case of Coloma v. Eaves, supra, the opinion of the court lends some countenance to the broad principle stated in Knox County v. Aspinwall, but Mr. Justice Bradley, in a concurring opinion, said:

"I dissent from the opinion of the court | dition precedent. That condition was that in this case, so far as it may be construed the county should be "fully and completely to reaffirm the first point asserted in the exonerated from the payment of the capital case of Knox County v. Aspinwall, to wit, stock voted by said county, and authorized that the mere execution of a bond by of- to be subscribed by said Green county court ficers charged with the duty of ascertain- to the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad." ing whether a condition precedent has been The performance of that condition did not performed is conclusive proof of its per- necessarily require any formal release or formance. If, when the law requires a vote the execution of any paper whatever. It of taxpayers before bonds can be issued, was completely fulfilled if, from any cirthe supervisor of a township, or the judge cumstance, it should appear that the counof probate of a county, or other officer or ty had been effectively relieved from any magistrate, is the officer designated to as- liability on account of the vote in aid of certain whether such vote has been given, the Elizabethtown & Tennessee Railroad. and is also the proper officer to execute, and It would be impossible for any purchaser of who does execute, the bonds, and if the the bonds to ascertain whether this condibonds themselves contain a statement or re- tion had been complied with, except by an cital that such vote has been given, then inquiry, which would naturally be made of the bona fide purchaser of the bonds need the judge himself. The judge determined go back no further. He has a right to rely that it had been complied with, and the on the statement as a determination of the fact that for thirty-eight years no one has question. But a mere execution and issue made any claim against the county on acof the bonds without such recital is not, in count of its supposed liability to subscribe my judgment, conclusive. It may be prima to the stock of the Elizabethtown & Tenfacie sufficient, but the contrary may be nessee Railroad shows conclusively that he shown. This seems to me to be the true was right. distinction to be taken on this subject; and I do not think that the contrary has ever been decided by this court."

These cases left it uncertain whether the court would give to the facts of subscription to stock and issue of bonds in payment therefor by officers charged with the duty of ascertaining whether conditions precedent had been complied with, the same conclusive effect as to the validity of the bonds which would exist when to those facts was added a recital in the bonds themselves.

But the tendency, observable in the earlier cases, to deny to bonds in the hands of an innocent holder any other defense than a want of power of the maker was arrested by the cases of Buchanan v. Litchfield, 102 U. S. 278, 26 L. ed. 138, and Citizens' Sav. & L. Asso. v. Perry County, ub. sup., which held that the mere facts of the subscription to stock and issue of bonds containing no recital left it open to the obligor to show that a condition precedent had not been fulfilled. But these cases in no way conflict with the view expressed by Mr. Justice Strong in Pendleton County v. Amy, and by Mr. Justice Bradley in Coloma v. Eaves, that a presumption arises from the mere fact of subscription and issue, though not a conclusive one. Independent of authority such a presumption exists and is but an instance of the broader presumption that officers charged with the performance of a public duty perform it correctly. In the case at bar the judge of the county court was charged with the duty of issuing the bonds upon the performance of the con

Construing the second question to inquire, not whether there is conclusive presumption, but whether, on the facts found, there is any presumption at all that the county had been exonerated from its former subscription to another railroad, we answer it "Yes."

1. The decision of a state court upon questions of local law is not subject to review in the Federal Supreme Court on writ of error to the state court. * Constitutional law-who may raise question.

2. The question whether a state statute giving a lien upon a vessel, enforceable in nished on the credit of the vessel, is an una state court, for materials and supplies furconstitutional infringement upon the exclusive admiralty jurisdiction of the Federal courts of liens of a maritime character, is

*Ed. Note.-For cases in point, see vol. 13, Cent. Dig. Courts, § 1049.