fully aware of the necessity of a constant guard upon her motives of action, as well as upon the actions themselves, must be obvious to those who examine her diary.

parents, be kept in close rooms, in which free | she had embraced, was naturally viewed with ventilation and cleanliness are neglected, a few some degree of apprehension. That she was herself months will often suffice to induce tuberculous cachexia" — the beginning of consumption. Persons engaged in confined close rooms, or workshops, are the chief sufferers from consump tion: thus, of the 233 tailors who died in one But if we would form a just estimate of her chadistrict in London, in 1839, 123 died of diseases of the lungs, of whom ninety-two died of con-racter, we must consider not merely the nature of sumption. Of fifty-two milliners, dying in the her engagements, and the structure of her mind, same year, thirty-three died from disease of the but the circumstances with which she was surlungs, of whom twenty-eight died from consumption. Dr. Guy reports, that in a close printers' room, he found seventeen men at work, of whom three had spitting of blood, two had affections of the lungs, and five had constant and severe colds. After reading these sad facts, who can deny that the chief cause of consumption is the respiration of bad air?-Ventilation Illustrated.

FRIENDS' REVIEW.

PHILADELPHIA, FIFTH MONTH 20, 1848.

rounded.

It is readily perceived that the unusually be nevolent cast of her intellect led her to view the favourable side of the characters of her associates— that her habitual disposition to be pleased with others, induced her to seek for points in the senti ments and actions of her friends which she could approve or excuse, rather than to detect their errors. Yet this liberality in regard to the opinions and practice of others, was quite compatible with a full conviction of the importance to herself of the testimonies into the observance of which the consistent professors of her own religious society

are led.

MARRIED,-At Friends' Meeting House on Orange street, on Fourth day, the 10th inst., HORATIO C. WOOD to ABIGAIL, daughter of William Evans, all of this city.

We have introduced into the present number the first portion of a series of extracts from the autobiography of a Friend, who was well known to her cotemporaries as one of the most valuable and highly gifted members and ministers of the society to which she belonged. Though the compilation will no doubt in a great measure consist of the relation of facts which came under the notice of the writer, and of the religious exercises through which she passed, it may be fairly presumed that nothing which was moulded by such a mind as hers is well known to have been, and judged worthy of being placed on record, will prove eithering, the 23d ult., RICHARD SHEPHERD, in the 66th uninteresting or uninstructive to our readers.

At Friends' Meeting House on Arch street, on Fifth day, the 11th inst., NATHANIEL H. BROWN, formerly of New Hampshire, to REBECCA KITE daughter of the late Thomas Kite, of this city.

DIED,-In Vassalboro, Maine, on First day morn year of his age. He was an honest-hearted friend, and member of Vassalboro Monthly Meeting.

Near Salem, N. J., after a short illness, on Fifth day, the 4th inst., MARTHA ABBOTT, for many years a useful member of that meeting. —, At the residence of his mother, near Downingtown, Chester Co., Pa., on the 4th inst., GEORGE ASHBRIDGE, in the 34th year of his age. ―, Very suddenly, on the 7th inst., at her residence in Mount Holly, N. J., PHEBE OSBORNE, a member of Burlington Monthly Meeting.

She was of a retiring and unassuming disposition, and much attached to the cause of Truth; and whilst a solemn admonition is afforded by her instantaneous removal out of time, the line of the poet is believed to be applicable:

Our correspondent, U. M., having in conformity with the intimation on our 22d page recommenced his review of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, we have inserted in the present number the first part of his essay, the conclusion being designed to appear at a future time. As this remarkable woman occupied a position among the conspicuous philanthropists of her day, such as probably no one of her sex ever did before, and perhaps effected greater meliorations in the condition of the most degraded classes of society than could in any former instance be traced to the exertious of an individual, the narrative of her life must be read with a degree of interest which few biographies are capable of exciting. As she also occupied the responsible station of an acknowledged minister in the Society of Friends, the frequent and familiar This was one of the resolutions passed unaintercourse into which she was led by her philan-nimously by the late meeting held at Washingthropic labours with persons whose religious opin-ton city for the expression of sympathy with ions and practices differed widely from those which France. A copy of it was sent to the French

"How many fall as sudden, not as safe,"

“Resolved, That no nation has a right to hold another nation or people in subjection, nor impose upon it laws and institutions of government against its consent."

Republic. Why not a copy sent also to the fervently for ability to labour in obedience to the Mexican Republic?

And what would the people of the South say of us if we should pass this resolution, verbatim et literatim, in one of our northern cities, and circulate it among their slaves?

For Friends' Review.

Memoir of the Life of ELIZABETH FRY, with extracts from her Letters and Journal. Edited by two of her daughters. In two volumes, 8vo. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: J. W. Moore, 193 Chesnut street.

Our readers will recollect, that in the first and second numbers of the Review, a notice appeared of the first volume of this work, and a promise was given, that when the second should be published, it also would claim attention. In the 26th number, this publication was announced, and the earliest opportunity in our power is embraced to redeem the promise above referred to. When we look into the lives of eminent individuals, whose course may have been out of the usual line, if we would form a proper estimate of them, we should endeavour rightly to understand their motives and springs of action, and thus be enabled properly to appreciate their real characters.

The life of Elizabeth Fry was marked by much that was peculiar to herself. Educated in fashionable life, with the indulgencies of wealth at her command, and associated with those who moved in the highest circles of society, she yet felt, at an early period, that it was right for her to forego enjoyments of this nature, and to endeavour to place her dependence upon something of a far less perishable character than the mere gratifications of sense, or the applause of men. It pleased Divine Providence to bestow upon her a noble and a generous nature. And when she was led to make the enquiry, what she should do to be saved? and her soul was mercifully visited with the day-spring from on high, and she yielded her heart to the sanctifying influences of the Holy Spirit, it became still more abundantly enlarged with desires for the welfare of all, both spiritually and temporally, and those natural endowments which so conspicuously shone in her character, being disciplined in the school, and brought into subjection under the yoke of Christ, were made largely instrumental for the good of others, and introduced her into a breadth of service, to which few of her sex have been called. Her heart from childhood yearned to alleviate suffering wherever she found it, and being, through the revelations of the Spirit, enabled in some measure, to estimate the value of an immortal soul, she was made deeply sensible of the importance of her calling, and was often led to supplicate

will of her Divine Master.

reader to refer to, and bear in mind, the closing It may not be amiss in this place, to ask the remarks, on the 22d page of the second number of the Review. The open, unsuspecting and ingenuous character of Elizabeth Fry, made it natural that she should, in her private journal, very freely and unreservedly express her feelings and her doubts in relation to passing incidents of the day, or to the peculiar and multiplied trials which from time to time were permitted to press upon her. Under this pressure, and circumstances as they existed around her, it does not appear to the writer at all remarkable that she should sometimes have written unadvisedly, and have recorded feelings and doubts, which, if entertained, had far better been suppressed. There are passages in the volume before us, as well as in the first, which we decidedly object to, and it must be regretted that they were ever written. It is also to be regretted that they were permitted to appear in print. Judicious pruning, would, we are satisfied, have done more ample justice to the cause of Truth, and to the sterling worth of this extraordinary woman. It is not our object to particularise any of the objectionable passages to which reference has been made. It would afford no gratification, nor lead to the discharge of any duty, to bring into prominent notice errors of judgment, or to endeavour to cast a shade over the religious character of Elizabeth Fry, by labouring to prove that she was not infallible. It is the wish of the writer to present her to his readers, as she has appeared to himself-a woman of extraordinary powers-remarkably qualified and gifted for the labours whereunto she was called-impressed with such a conviction of her infirmities, as continually to feel the necessity of relying solely upon Divine support, and illustrating in her daily walk the adaptation of Christianity to a full and perfect development of the highest attributes of our nature. We would adduce her career in confirmation of the sentiment long entertained, that true greatness-true dignity-the highest possible point of human attainment-can only be accessible to the truly baptized, humble and devoted Christian.

Would that it were in our power sufficiently to impress upon the minds of all, but more particularly of those who are preparing to enter upon the responsible duties of life, the important fact, that he who would most effectively bring into operation every power and energy of his mind, must do it, and continually move under the influence and guidance of the Spirit of Christ. To be great, is to be good; man cannot possibly act under any influences, so perfectly adapted to the employment of all his faculties, as are those of Christianity: and the writer trusts that, without exposing himself to a charge of sectarianism, he may declare his con

viction, that there is no more thorough exempli- | cerning me, and carry on his own work in me fication of Christian doctrines and practice, than to his own praise." "Grant, O Lord, I pray genuine Quakerism; and by genuine Quakerism thee, a little help, that whatever thy unworthy is meant, that which George Fox, William Penn, servant does, in word or deed, may be done, as Robert Barclay, Thomas Story, John Wool- in the name, so through the power, of Christ her man, and William Allen, died in the profession of. Saviour." This journey was performed by our In common with those who are born of mem-travellers in much unity of spirit, and similarity bers, Elizabeth Fry had a birthright in the Religious Society of Friends, yet the deep interest she manifested in its welfare, arose from a conviction of the soundness of its doctrines, and the importance of its Testimonies; and when it pleased the great Head of the church to bestow upon her a precious gift in the ministry of His Word, and to enlarge her experience in Christian doctrine, her views of Christian philanthropy were still more expanded, and her eye was opened to discern, to some extent, the breadth of that field, and the magnitude of that labour, into which she believed her Lord and Master was calling her.

To suppose that her path through life would be one in which there were no trials, were to forget the declaration of Eliphaz of old, who had discovered, that as the sparks fly upward, man is born to trouble; to suppose that the largeness of the gifts with which she was entrusted, or that the extraordinary beauty of the graces with which she was adorned, growing out of a good stewardship of the manifold grace of God, would exempt her from affliction, were to overlook the experience of every devoted Christian, who is often reminded that whomsoever the Lord loveth, he chasteneth, and remembereth for his consolation, that our Saviour himself was a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. "Sorrow upon sorrow," she writes on one occasion, concluding with the prayer that the Lord would sustain her, and keep his "unworthy and poor sick servant in this time of unutterable trial. Keep me," says she, "sound in faith, and clear in mind."

of exercise. They visited not only the meetings of Friends in Ireland, but the prisons, lunatic asylums and infirmaries, mingling occasionally with the poor and destitute in their cabins, where they could obtain neither "eggs nor bacon," round a turf fire, on a mud floor, a hole in the top for a chimney, and a little dirty straw on the floor for the inmates "to sleep," as they expressed it," up and down in the room." The sick and the sorrowful were sympathized with and comforted. Among the great, the good and the influential, they found, in a very remarkable manner, that a door was open for their labours; and Elizabeth Fry appears constantly to have endeavoured "to seek for help from above, and for a quiet mind," and she expresses her desire that these apportunities might not be lost upon those among whom their lot was cast. Some of her friends, it would appear, were apprehensive that her course in this journey was of such a charac ter, as judging from outward appearances, might lead to an improper exaltation of the creature, and to a cherishing of the temptation to believe that her own arm had wrought it; but, she remarks, "a deep conviction of my own unworthiness and infirmity, was so living with me, that these things were more likely to cast me into the deep, than raise me up on high." During an illness with which she was seized in Ireland, she writes, "I never remember to have known a more painful time; tried without-distressed within; feeling such fears lest my own faith should fail." However, "I had most sweet peace afterwards; my beloved Saviour arose with healing in his wings, delivered me from my fears, poured balm into my wounds, and granted me such a sense of having obtained reconciliation with my God, as I can hardly describe." The visit was concluded to her "relief, peace and satisfaction. The Yearly Meeting at Dublin, crowning all, as to our ministerial services in our own Society."

In the early part of 1827, in company with her brother, Joseph John Gurney, and her husband's sister, Elizabeth Fry, who was also a highly valued minister, she left home with the approbation and unity of her Monthly and Quarterly Meetings, to pay a Religious visit to Friends in Ireland, and also to the prisons in that country. Discouragements of various kinds, though she had the near sympathy of her Under date of 3d mo. 27, 1828, we find the beloved friends, attended her setting out on this following entry: "On Second day I attended journey. Some of her children were unable to the Select Quarterly Meeting, How striking to comprehend how such a service could be con- me, and how humbling: here am I, that used sistent with a proper discharge of other duties, to be one of the last, least, and lowest in this which they believed lay nearer home, and they Quarterly Meeting, now obliged to be one of the were, of course, not likely, with such views, to foremost members in the meeting for Discipline; lighten the burthen which rested upon their partly from so many vacant places being now mother's spirit, or to aid her in relieving herself left among us-partly from my long experience of it. "What am I," says she, at home or of its ways, and many years in its service; and abroad, unless my Lord be with me to bless my last of all, truly, deeply, unworthy as I am, labours? therefore, I can only seek to be because it has pleased a kind Providence to grant altogether passive before Him, praying that He me the unity of my beloved friends, and thus to would, in His mercy, make known his will con-raise me up. My spirit, notwithstanding my

outward cheerfulness, was much bowed down | nary migrations of what he terms "a class of within me, in earnest cravings to be washed, re- animals, in which the modes of proceeding, and newed, and more fitted for my Master's service." the motives which lead to them, are so obscure After attending the Annual Meeting of the as to preclude any attempt at explanation." "British Ladies' Society for promoting the Re- Many of the proceedings and motives of insects formation of Female Prisoners," in which she are doubtless obscure; but far more are so clearly felt called upon to bear a prominent part, her expressed that "he who runs may read." Some "heart being so full of interest on the subject," insects, for example, under the impulse of proand her "head so full of matter," she says "Ividing for that offspring which the parents are may set my seal to this-that public services never to behold, after constructing a suitable are fearful services, and none but those engaged habitation in which to deposit their eggs, with in them, know how much they are spared who an admirable instinct are actually at great pains do good privately. Still, if the Master calls us to furnish the larder with such food as the into public duties, it is not only well but honoura- young one will stand in need of on its exclusion ble; and in them much more good is accomplish- from the egg, and so placed as to be readily ed, because so many are concerned: still I would accessible the moment it is required. Nor is have no one seek for them, but if rightly brought the nature of this food less a proof of instinct into them, preservation will, I believe, be granted. than the fact of its being stored up: in some A watchful, humble spirit is called for; one that cases it is of a vegetable nature; in others, a is not exalted by the undue approbation of fellow living caterpillar, belonging to some other mortals, nor too much cast down by disapproba- species, is seized by the parent insect, rendered tion or evil reports. There must also be a will-insensible, but not killed, (which would defeat ingness to commit all these works to Him, who can prosper them or not, according to his own good pleasure."

Thus we find this dear friend endeavouring to "follow, and not force Providence," as Cecil has somewhere recommended, and " to avail herself of the openings," as she was accustomed to term it: ever careful to bear in mind, that however industriously and zealously she might labour, either in her own Religious Society, or among others, for the promotion of philanthropic objects very dear to her heart, it was the Lord only who could bless her endeavours with an increase, and crown them with success.

(To be continued.)

From the Westminster Review,
ANIMAL INSTINCTS.

(Continued from page 542.)

U. M.

Insects furnish some of the most striking instances of instinct that can be found in the whole animal kingdom; though Mr. Couch somewhat unaccountably dismisses them by merely quoting a few descriptions of extraordi

•This Society was formed about the year 1822, and owed its institution mainly to the suggestions and efforts of Elizabeth Fry, who remarks, that "if it had not pleased a kind Providence to lead me into some other services, and in his tender mercy to bless me in them, I think there would at times have been great danger of my being pressed down out of measure by home cares." The principal object of the Society was to form a central point of communication between the numerous associations labouring for the benefit of female prisoners in different parts of England, and holding an extensive correspondence with persons on the continent, interested in subjects of a similar nature. Many females of distinguished character and rank, were enlisted in its service, and its influence was felt and acknowledged, not only in Great Britain, but in other countries where the true object of judicial punishment was beginning to be better understood.

the object,) by a puncture from the sting of its captor, and conveyed to the nest wherein the egg is to be deposited. Every one has observed the caterpillar of the common cabbage butterfly apparently brooding upon a heap of yellow eggs. This affords a beautiful illustration of instinct on the part of a small black fly which deposits its eggs within the body of a living caterpillar. The young grubs, when evolved from the egg, feed upon the internal tissues of their victim, instinctively avoiding, however, to attack any vital part, since the premature death of the caterpillar would ensure their own destruction. At length the time approaches for the parasites to take upon themselves a new condition of insect life, namely, that which immediately precedes their perfect winged condition; at the same period, the caterpillar infested by them instinctively seeks out some spot wherein it also may pass through the corresponding state of inactivity, preliminary to its appearance as a winged denizen of the air. No sooner, however, has it attached itself, than the grubs contained in its body make their exit, through the skin; each spins its own little cocoon of yellow silk, wherein to await its final change. These cocoons are collected together beneath the body of the caterpillar, which, being now in too exhausted a condition to pass into the chrysalis state, speedily dies, while, after a short period, the parasites break from their cocoons and become perfect insects, in their turn seeking for new victims.

Whoever has paid attention to the manners of insects, will be at no loss to understand many of their " modes of proceeding" or "the motives which lead to them." The intention of the silken cord by which the caterpillar of many butterflies secures itself to a perpendicular wall previously to becoming a chrysalis, cannot be

misunderstood. Nor can we fail to understanding arms were used as oars, has, for ages, renthe intention of the coat of armour formed dered that animal an object of interest; and notaround itself of small stones, shells, or bits of withstanding that these particulars have been sticks, by the larva of the Phryganea: the use proved fictitious, recent researches into its true of the paper manufactured by the wasp; of the history have shown the mollusk to be no less waxen cells and store of honey provided by the deserving consideration, from its every-day bee; of the covering of down stripped from its actions, than from the exploded functions poown body by the female of the gipsy moth, etically ascribed to it. From the excessive with which its mass of eggs is protected from thinness of the beautiful shell, to which, by the the severity of winter; these are all equally way, the animal has no muscular attachment, easy of comprehension: and no one at all ac- and its extreme fragility, it is constantly liable quainted with these interesting creatures and to fracture by being tossed about at the mercy their habits will venture to deny them the pos- of the waves. When this happens, and it is no session of instinct, nor, in some cases, of a cer- unusual occurrence, the animal instinctively tain amount of reason either. For, as Mr. repairs the fracture by a new deposition of Couch in the main accurately observes, though shelly matter to the broken portion, by means with a slight confusion of terms at the outset, of the membranous mantle. This circumstance, "The simplest instinct will vary its proceed- observed in a number of argonauts kept in conings according to circumstances; and the small-finement in an open cage sunk in the sea in the est glimmering of reason will direct it to modify these proceedings according to situation, and as they may best lead to the desired result. In many creatures of the land this variation is of common occurrence, and is not only directed according to a change of circumstances, but sometimes seems to be under no better influence than caprice. The daubers, a genus of North American wasps, to save themselves the labour of building a cell, have been known to make use of a small bottle, closing the orifice with clay; and the mason bees, (Osmia,) which usually deposit their eggs in holes dug by themselves in walls or sand-banks, will embrace the opportunity of saving themselves labour, by employing for the same purpose the empty shell of a snail."

From a very early period, naturalists have been aware of the power exercised by the cuttle-fish, when in danger, of expelling a black fluid, in sufficient quantity, when mingled with the surrounding water, to hide the animal from its pursuers. This fluid is secreted by a singular organ connected with the intestine: the animal is, moreover, furnished with parrot-like jaws, put in motion by powerful muscles, welldeveloped salivary glands, several stomachs, and a large liver; all indicating not only that the instinctive feeling of hunger is habitually experienced, but that the means of allaying that feeling are amply provided; while the apparatus connected with the secretion and expulsion of the inky fluid, is expressly formed to enable an otherwise defenceless animal to exercise its instinctive demand for self-preservation, in the manner most consistent with its mode of life and organization.

Bay of Messina, by Madame Power, removed the doubts of naturalists as to the animal being really the architect of its own habitation; since the regular increase in the size of the shell to correspond with the growth of the animal was witnessed, as well as the power of repairing the shell when broken either intentionally or accidentally.

This habit of forming chambers in the shelly covering of the mollusks, is not confined to the higher members of the family, but is also prac tised, though from a different cause, by some of the more simply organized individuals. In the case of the water-clam (Spondylus varius) a bivalve nearly allied to the common oyster, and which, like the oyster, is attached by the outer surface of the lower valve of its shell to some

extraneous body, when the animal happens to be developed beneath the overhanging ledge of a coral reef, or in a situation where, having no power of locomotion, it would run the risk of being overgrown by the coral, it resorts to the expedient of carrying forward its dwellingchamber by a series of new formations of shelly matter, so as always to keep its respiratory and nutritive apparatus on a level with the sur rounding zoophytes. A longitudinal section of these shells exhibits sometimes as many as fourteen such chambers, separated from each other by stout and regularly-formed partitions. The common oyster, when, from a deficiency of food, its body has shrunk so as no longer to fill the interior of the shell, will form a new layer of nacre, and thus adapt the cavity to its changed condition by adding a chamber in the rear of its diminished body.

Among the Echinodermata, progression is effected by means of suckers and spines; the star-fishes or Asterida employ the former ex clusively; the sea-urchins, or Echinidæ, pro gress by means of the joint action of their suckers and spines. Professor Forbes observes, that

The interesting poetical fiction connected with the argonaut or paper nautilus, wherein it is represented as sailing on the surface of the sea, its fragile shell forming the hull of its vessel, the two expanded membranous arms being erected and acting as sails, while the six taper-"many sea-urchins, such as live on hard sur