Further, a system of inspecting and grading of grains at the point of shipment was favored, the last Legislature was condemned for lavish appropriations, and the issuance of bonds by the

national Government was denounced.

The ticket was: For Governor, Nathan Pierce; Secretary of State, Ira Wakefield; Superintendent of Public Instruction, T. C. Jory; AttorneyGeneral, M. L. Olmstead; State Printer, George M. Orton; Judge of the Supreme Court, R. P. Boise; Members of Congress, Charles Miller, Joseph Waldrop.

The convention of Prohibitionists was held in Salem, April 4. The resolutions declared adherence to the national platform of 1892, and attributed the great evils in public affairs to the corrupting influence of the liquor traffic, the abolition of which is therefore of the first importance. The ticket follows: For Governor, James Kennedy; Secretary of State, D. F. McKercher; Treasurer, I. A. Richardson; Justice of the Supreme Court, T. P. Hackleman; Attorney-General, C. J. Wright; Superintendent of Public Instruction, H. M. Harford; State Printer, James H. McKibben; Members of Congress, J. D. Hurst and A. F. Miller.

The Republicans met in State convention April 11. The resolutions favored a protective tariff and denounced the tariff legislation of Congress; favored construction of the Nicaragua Canal; demanded restriction of immigration, and economy in State administration; commended the action of the Republican party in reference to improvement of water ways; and declared that the use of all fishing gear except the gill net should be forbidden. Following is the resolution on the subject of money:

We reaffirm the doctrine of the Republican party in relation to money, as stated in its national platform of 1892. We commend the efforts made by our Government hitherto to secure an international conference to adopt such measures as will insure parity of value between gold and silver throughout the world, and call upon it to renew and continue such efforts.

The ticket was: For Governor, William P. Lord; Secretary of State, H. R. Kincaid; Treasurer, Philip Metschan; Justice of the Supreme

PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. The Senate has 13 members and the Chamber of Deputies 26. Every male citizen eighteen years of age has the right to vote. The President is elected for four years. Gen. Juan G. Gonzalez was elected for the term ending Nov. 25, 1894.

The area is about 98,000 square miles. The

Court, C. E. Wolverton; Attorney-General, C. M. Idleman; Superintendent of Public Instruction, G. M. Irwin; State Printer, W. H. Leeds; Members of Congress, Binger Hermann, W. R. Ellis.

The Democratic convention at Astoria, April 18, adopted a platform charging to the reckless legislation of the Republican party the depression in business and stagnation of industry; favoring an income tax; favoring a constitutional convention, and the including in a new Constitution of the principle of initiative and referendum; expressing the faith that the President will make good, as far as he can, all the pledges made by the party platform of 1892: commending the repeal of the Federal election laws and the tariff legislation of Congress; favoring the construction of the Nicaragua Canal, liberal pensions, and election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people; denouncing the repeal of the mortgage tax law; demanding better protection of fish; favored liberal appropriations for water-way improvements, restriction of immigration, changes in the law regulating the adoption of schoolbooks, enactment of laws protecting bank depositors, abolition of railroad and other unnecessary commissions, abolition of the fee system: condemning the changes made by the last Legislature in the ballot law; agreed with the decision of Judge Caldwell in regard to the rights of labor; declaring the last Legislature to have been extravagant and reckless in appropriations; and said further:

We demand that all property shall be assessed at its true cash value, and that there shall be deductions only for indebtedness which has a corresponding taxable credit. We are opposed to all measures of discrimination against silver, and demand free coinage to supply the demands of business, and that all money issued by the Government be made a legal tender för all debts, both public and private.

The nominations were: For Governor, William Galloway; Secretary of State, Charles Nickell; Treasurer, Thomas L. Davidson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, D. V. S. Reid: State Printer, John O'Brien; Justice of the Supreme Court, A. S. Bennett; Attorney-General, W. H. Holmes; Members of Congress, J. K. Weatherford, James H. Raley.

The election resulted in the choice of the ReThe vote for Governor publican candidates. was: For Lord, Republican, 41,139; for Pierce, Populist, 26,123; for Galloway, Democrat, 17,865; for Kennedy, Prohibition, 1,982; total, 87,265. In 1892 the total vote for President was 78,491. The Legislature for 1895 stands as follows: Senate-Republicans 19, Democrats 8, Populists 3; House-Republicans 53, Populists 7.

population has been reduced by war from 1,337.439 in 1857 to about 480,000. The imperfect census of 1887 gave only 329,645.

The receipts of the treasury in 1893 were 5,775,899 pesos, of which 1,097.420 pesos came from sales and leases of land, 4,309,233 pesos from customs, and 369,246 pesos from various taxes.

The expenditures amounted to 5,852,722 pesos, of which 2,647,786 pesos were the general expenses of the Government, 864,609 pesos reduction of the debt, and 2,340,327 pesos extraordinary expenditures. These sums are reckoned in the paper peso, the exchange value of which in 1893 was only 16 cents. The external debt on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to 27,850,623 pesos, consisting of the Argentine debt of 12,393,657 pesos, the Brazilian debt of 9,876,466 pesos, and 5,580,500 pesos of bonds held in England, on which no interest has been paid since 1891.

The imports in 1893 were valued at 2.533,000 pesos in gold, and the exports at 9,135,000 paper

pesos.

The permanent army consists of 1,314 infantry and 347 cavalry and artillery, with 20 cannon. The National Guard is called to arms in case of war. Service in the guard is obligatory.

Change of Administration. The official candidate for the presidency to succeed Gen. Gonzalez was Dr. José C. Decond, Minister to Uruguay and former Minister of Justice. Gen. Egusguiza, Gen. Caballero, and Gen. Escobar were independent candidates. On June 9, 1894, a month before the elections for presidential electors, as the result of a conspiracy between these three and the Minister of War, the VicePresident, and the chief of police, who were their respective supporters, Gen. Gonzalez was seized by arined men as he was entering the Congress in Asuncion and summarily deported to Buenos Ayres. Vice-President Marinigo, a nephew of Gen. Caballero, assumed the presidency and appointed a new Cabinet. When the election was held in September Gen. Egusguiza was declared to be elected. He was inaugurated on Nov. 25, and accepted the Cabinet appointed by Marinigo, composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, Angel Martinez; Minister of Finance, Augustin Caneta; Minister of Justice, Dr. M. A. Maciel; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Colonization, Gregorio Benitez; Minister of War, Gen. A. Caceres.

PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNIT. ED STATES. The remarkable interest developed in the various patriotic and hereditary societies in the United States, and their splendid work in the preservation of history and records as well as the marking of important historical sites by tablets and monuments, makes necessary this brief description of the more important organizations and their work. Nothing in this country has ever done so much toward fostering a faith in American institutions and in developing among the youth of this country so strong feeling of patriotism as these societies. Their influence has been of distinct value in counteracting the craze for things foreign, called Anglomania, which for so long a time has been so humiliating to all true Americans.

Society of Colonial Wars.-This society has for its objects

To perpetuate the memory of these events, and of the men who in military, naval, and civil positions of high trust and responsibility, by their acts or counsel, assisted in the establishment, defense, and preservation of the American colonies, and were in truth the founders of this nation. With this end in view it seeks to collect and preserve manuscripts, rolls, and records; to provide suitable commeinorations memorials relating to the American colonial period,

or

and to inspire in its members the paternal and patriotic spirit of their forefathers, and in the community respect and reverence for those whose public services made our freedom and unity possible. It was instituted in New York city Aug. 18, 1892, and incorporated on Oct. 18, 1892. It admits to membership

Any male person above the age of twenty-one years, of good moral character and reputation, who is descended from an ancestor who fought in battle under colonial authority, or who served as a governor, deputy governor, lieutenant governor, or member of officer, soldier, sailor, privateer, or marine in the servthe King's Council, or as a military, naval, or marine ice of the colonies, or under the banner of Great Britain in North America, in the wars in which the said colonies participated, or enrolled men from the settlement of Jamestown, Va., May 13, 1607, to the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, provided the claim to eligibility is satisfactorily based upon the service of an ancestor who performed duty as above under colonial sanction, or British enlistment in North America either in garrison, in the field, or on the sea; or descended from men who rendered conspicuous civil service in a period of warfare. Should there be no direct descendant of such propositus, the council may admit that collateral relative who shall be deemed best suited to represent such propositus, preference being given to the male line.

The New York society was the first to be organized, and State societies have been formed since in Pennsylvania (1893), Maryland (1893), Massachusetts (1893), Connecticut (1893), the District of Columbia (1893), New Jersey (1894), Virginia (1894), New Hampshire (1894), Vermont (1894), Illinois (1894), and Missouri (1894). The total membership is over 1,000. The annual meetings are called general courts, and are held on the anniversary of some conspicuous event in the colonial wars; thus the general court of the New York society is held on Dec. 19, in commemoration of the victory over the Narragansett Indians on Dec. 19, 1675.

The society has established a fund for the erection of a memorial in commemoration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the victory by the American colonial forces at Louisbourg. A site located on a well-preserved redoubt, connected by a causeway with the King's Bastion, where Gen. Pepperrell received the keys of the fortress from Gov. Duchambon in the presence of the assembled troops, has been presented to the society. The position is a prominent one, and the memorial will be a landmark from the sea and shore. A design by William G. Beatty, of the New York society, has been selected. It consists of a plain doric shaft rising from a square base, and surmounted by a cannon ball as an emblem of victory. The material to be used will be red granite from St. George, N. B., and the height will be about 30 feet. The Nova Scotia Government authorities, Historical Society, and citizens are interested in the enterprise, and many Americans visiting Cape Breton have expressed their pride and satisfaction that an American patriotic society is to honor an event which reflected so much glory on their country. It is expected that an old French cannon will be raised from the harbor of Louisbourg and mounted in the redoubt close by the memorial. A memorial medal to be struck from the metal of old cannons found in the vicinity is in course of preparation.

The chairman of the committee having this monument in charge is Howland Pell. The officers of the general society are as follow: Governor-General, Frederic J. de Peyster; Deputy Governor-Generals, representing the State societies, Charles H. Murray (New York), James Mifflin (Pennsylvania), Joseph L. Brent (Maryland), William F. Draper (Massachusetts), William Hammersly (Connecticut), Francis A. Roe (District of Columbia), Malcolm Macdonald (New Jersey), Henry O. Kent (New Hampshire), Edward A. Chittenden (Vermont), Henry Cadle (Missouri), and Joseph L. Lombard (Illinois); Secretary General, Howland Pell. It publishes an "Annual Register of Officers and Members of the Society of Colonial Wars" (New York, 1894), and the State societies have issued various historical monographs. The colors of the Colonial Wars are red and white. Its badge, No. 4, and rosette, No. 4a, are shown in the plate.

Sons of the American Revolution.-This society has for its objects

To perpetuate the memory of the men who, by their services or sacrifices during the War of the American Revolution, achieved the independence of the American people; to unite and promote fellowship among their descendants; to inspire them and the community at large with a more profound reverence for the principles of the Government founded by our forefathers; to encourage historical research in relation to the American Revolution; to acquire and preserve the records of the individual services of the patriots of the war, as well as documents, relics, and landmarks; to mark the scenes of the revolution by appropriate memorials; to celebrate the anniversaries of the prominent events of the war; to foster true patriotism; to maintain and extend the institutions of American freedom; and to carry out the purposes expressed in the preamble to the Constitution of our country and the injunctions of Washington in his farewell address to the American people.

It was formed as the Sons of Revolutionary Sires, at a meeting held in San Francisco, Cal., on Oct. 22, 1875. Early in 1889 several coequal State societies were organized in other States, which met by delegates in New York city on April 30, 1889, and organized the National Society, Sons of the American Revolution, the State societies then changing their names to that adopted by the National Society. It admits to membership

Any man who, being of the age of twenty-one years or over, and a citizen of good repute in the community, is the lineal descendant of an ancestor who was at all times unfailing in his loyalty to and rendered actual service in the cause of American independence, either as an officer, soldier, seaman, marine, militiaman, or minuteman, in the armed forces of the Continental Congress, or of any one of the several colonies or States; or as a signer of the Declaration of Independence; or as a member of a committee of safety or correspondence; or as a member of any continental, provincial, or colonial congress or legislature; or as a civil officer either of one of the colonies or States or of the National Government; or as a recognized patriot who performed actual service by overt acts of resistance to the authority of Great Britain.

There are 30 State societies, as follow: California (1875), Connecticut (1889), Vermont (1889), Kentucky (1889), Massachusetts (1889), Maryland (1889), Ohio (1889), Missouri (1889), New Hampshire (1889), New Jersey (1889), Minnesota (1889), Delaware (1889), Illinois (1890), Indiana (1890), Michigan (1890), Rhode Island (1890),

Arkansas (1890), New York (1890), Wisconsin (1890), District of Columbia (1890), Nebraska (1890), Virginia (1890), West Virginia (1890), Maine (1891), Oregon and Washington (1891), Kansas (1892), Louisiana (1892), Iowa (1893), Pennsylvania (1893), and Montana (1894). Included within certain of these State societies are local chapters, especially in the larger States. The State societies and chapters have a membership of over 5,000 persons, or "compatriots," as they are officially designated.

In the accomplishment of its objects the various State societies of this organization have celebrated anniversaries of important historical events by organizing on such dates and by holding their special meetings on others. Thus, the Massachusetts society organized on April 19, in commemoration of the battles of Lexington and Concord, while the Minnesota society celebrated the anniversary of the battle of Trenton, on Dec. 26. More than 100 anniversaries of important events in the War of the Revolution have been celebrated. This society originated and organized the annual popular observance of June 14 as Flag Day, the anniversary of the adoption of the Stars and Stripes as the national standard. It has secured from Congress a law providing for the collection and indexing of the records of service in the American Revolution now in the executive departments in Washington, and it has obtained the use of a fireproof room in the Smithsonian Institution for the deposit of records and documents of the Revolution. Many of the State societies have begun the collection of books for historical libraries. The National Society has offered gold and silver medals to the principal colleges of the United States for an annual competition of essays on the subject of

..

The Principles of the American Revolution." State societies use the bronze medal from the same die for schools. Under the auspices of the National Society there has been published "The Century Book for Young Americans," by Elbridge S. Brooks.

In Massachusetts the society has adopted a bronze marker for the graves of Revolutionary heroes, of handsome design, representing a minuteman, with the letters on the front, S. A. R. -Soldier American Revolution-and the date 1775. One of these markers was placed on the grave of Lafayette in Paris, with suitable ceremonies, on Oct. 19, 1894, the date of the anniversary of the surrender of Yorktown, by Nathan Appleton. In Baltimore the Maryland society marked the site of Old Congress Hall with a bronze tablet; and in Providence the Rhode Island society placed a bronze tablet on the Market building where the British taxed tea was burned in 1775. Other memorials marking sites of historical interest have been dedicated under the auspices of different State societies. In Connecticut the society has secured the preservation, as a permanent historical monument, of the headquarters of Jonathan Trumbull (Uncle Jonathan); and in New York, on Flag Day, the society laid the foundation stone of a monument to commemorate the spot in Dobb's Ferry where Washington and Rochambeau planned the Yorktown campaign; also, by the action taken by the New York society, the City Hall was preserved from demolition. The officers of the

National Society are: President-General, Horace Porter Vice-Presidents-General, Joseph C. Breckinridge, Thomas M. Anderson, William R. Griffith, Edwin S. Barrett, and John Whitehead; Secretary-General, Franklin Murphy. The colors of the Sons of the American Revolution are blue and white-these being the colors of Washington's staff. The badge, No. 1, and the rosette, No. 1a, are shown on the plate.

Sons of the Revolution.-This society gives as its object the following statement, which is contained in its constitution:

It being evident, from a steady decline of a proper celebration of the national holidays of the United States of America, that popular concern in the events and men of the War of the Revolution is gradually declining, and that such lack of interest is attributable not so much to the lapse of time and the rapidly increasing flood of immigration from foreign countries as to the neglect on the part of descendants of Revolutionary heroes to perform their duty in keeping before the public mind the memory of the services of their ancestors and of the times in which they lived: therefore the society of the Sons of the Revolution has been instituted to perpetuate the memory of the men who in the military, naval, and civil service of the colonies and of the Continental Congress, by their acts or counsel, achieved the independence of the country, and to further the proper celebration of the anniversaries of the birthday of Washington and of prominent events connected with the War of the Revolution; to collect and secure for preservation the rolls, records, and other documents relating to that period; to inspire the members of the society with the patriotic spirit of their forefathers; and to promote the feeling of friendship among them.

It was originally instituted at a meeting held on Feb. 22, 1876, called by John A. Stevens, then reorganized on Dec. 4, 1883, at Fraunce's Tavern in New York city, incorporated on May 3, 1884, and a national organization perfected in March, 1890. It admits to membership

Any male person above the age of twenty-one years of good character, and a descendant of one who, as a military, naval, or marine officer, soldier or sailor, or marine, in actual service, under the authority of any of the 13 colonies or States, or of the Continental Con

gress, and remaining always loyal to such authority, or a descendant of one who signed the Declaration of Independence, or of one who, as a member of the Continental Congress, or of the Congress of any of the colonies or States, or as an official appointed by or under the authority of any such legislative bodies, actually assisted in the establishment of American independence by services rendered during the War of the Revolution, becoming thereby liable to conviction of treason against the Government of Great Britain, but remaining always loyal to the authority of the colonies or States.

Nearly all of the State societies of the Sons of the Revolution have constitutions that permit admission to membership by collateral descent, as shown by the following eligibility clause in the constitution of the New York State society:

That when there shall be no surviving issue in direct lineal succession from an officer. soldier, sailor, or marine who died or was killed in actual service as

aforesaid, or from an officer who received, by formal resolve, the approbation of the Continental Congress for Revolutionary services, or from a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the claim of eligibility shall descend and be limited to one representative at a time in the nearest collateral line of descent from such propositus, who may be otherwise qualified as herein required and to be designated by the society;

and no other descendants in collateral lines shall be admitted in right of any service whatever.

State societies exist in the following 24 States: New York (1876), Pennsylvania (1888), District of Columbia (1889), Iowa (1890), New Jersey (1891), Georgia (1891), Massachusetts (1891), Colorado (1892), Maryland (1892), Minnesota (1893), California (1893), Ohio (1893), Connecticut (1893), New Hampshire (1893), North Carolina (1893), Illinois (1894), Missouri (1894), Florida (1894), Alabama (1894), West Virginia (1894), Tennessee (1894), Kentucky (1894), Montana (1894), and South Carolina (1894), with a total membership of upward of 4,000 persons.

66

In the accomplishment of its purposes, the New York society, with its membership of over 1,500 persons, has been most active. Besides accumulating a large fund for the development of the general purposes of the society, it has published addresses on Revolutionary topics, it has celebrated events of the Revolution, and has held commemorative church services on Washington's Birthday. Besides these, it has marked 8 historical sites in the metropolis with bronze tablets, and has erected a heroic statue in bronze to the memory of Capt. Nathan Hale. On Oct. 19, 1894, the anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown, it assisted in the unveiling of a monument to the officers and soldiers of the Revolution who are buried in Sleepy Hollow, near Tarrytown. In common with all the State societies, it has offered gold, silver, and bronze medals for original essays, to contain not less than 1,775 words nor more than 1,895 words," on the subject of New York in the War of the Revolution"; also it has offered a gold medal to students of the College of the City of New York for an essay on "The Causes that led to the War of the Revolution." By such methods it strives to increase research in American patriotic history, and to give to the youth of the United States a more thorough knowledge of our forefathers' patriotism, devotion, heroism, and sacrifices. The Massachusetts society, at a meeting held early in 1894, appropriated funds from its treasury to pay for the placing of suitably framed copies of Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington in every school in Boston. These were presented on Washington's Birthday, and the presentation speech was made by the Rev. Edward E. Hale. The Pennsylvania society has also held church services, and has marked by a large bowlder, appropriately inscribed, Gulph Mill, where George Washington encamped in 1777 before going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.

The Common Council of Philadelphia has donated the cannon along Water Street and Delaware Avenue to the Pennsylvania society for the purpose of placing the same from time to time around the monuments erected and to be erected by the society marking the sites of battles of the Revolution around and about Philadelphia. The Maryland society has offered the Johns Hopkins University for competition a large silver medal, to be awarded by the faculty for the best essay the American Revolution." The District of Coon "The Principles fought for in the War of lumbia society has presented framed copies of the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington to the schools in Washington city. The other

State societies are still young, and have as yet accomplished but little. The officers of the General Society are: General President, John Lee Carroll; General Vice-President, Garrett D. W. Vroom; Second General Vice-President, John Screven; General Secretary, James M. Montgomery; Assistant General Secretary, William II. Harris. The colors of the Sons of the Revolution are buff and white, recalling the continental uniform. The badge, No. 3, and the rosette, No. 3a, are shown in the plate.

General Society of the War of 1812.-This society has for its objects

To perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men who completed the work of the Revolution by the victories of the War of 1812; to encourage research in relation to this event and the publication of the same; the establishment of a library and museum for the preservation of documents and relics relating to said war; care and burial of veterans of the War of 1812 where it is necessary, and participation in and promotion of the celebration of the anniversaries of the great events of that war; to cherish, maintain, and extend the institutions of American freedom and foster true patriotism and love of country.

This society, originally organized by surviving veterans of the War of 1812 in a general convention held in Philadelphia, Pa., in Independence Hali, Jan. 9, 1854, as the Pennsylvania Association of the Defenders of the Country in the War of 1812, was reorganized in January, 1891, and incorporated under its present title on Nov. 19, 1892. It admits to membership

Any male person above the age of twenty-one years, who participated in or who is a lineal descendant of one who served during the War of 1812, in the army, navy, revenue marine, or privateer service of the United States, offering proof thereof satisfactory to the Executive Committee, and of good moral character and reputation. In case of failure of lineal descendants of an actual participant in the war on behalf of the United States, one collateral descendant, whom the board of directors deems worthy, may be admitted to represent the said participant.

66

There are 4 State societies, that of Pennsylvania, which is the parent organization; that of Maryland, originally organized on April 1, 1842, as the Association of the Defenders of Baltimore in 1814; that of Connecticut, organized on April 5, 1894; and that of Massachusetts, organized on April 3, 1894; having a total membership of over 500 persons, including 40 surviving veterans. The regular meetings of the General Society are held on June 19, being the anniversary of the declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain. The work of the General Society has thus far been restricted chiefly to the publication of historical memoirs. These have included Memoir of Hon. Joel Barlow Sutherland, First President of the Society of War of 1812." by Charles Sutherland (1894); "Sketch of Military Career of Maj.-Gen. George Izard, U. S. A.," by Gabriel E. Manigault; "Sketch of Life and Services of Maj.-Gen. Duncan McArthur, U. S. A.," by Thomas McA. Anderson; and "Brief History of the Society of War of 1812," by Henry H. Bellas. Under the auspices of the Maryland Chapter the one hundredth anniversary of the occupation of Fort McHenry by the United States Government and the eightieth anniversary of the battle of North Point were patriotically celebrated on Sept. 12, 1894. At the fort itself the birth of the

"Star-Spangled Banner" was the special theme of the orations and odes. The officers of the General Society are: President General, John Cadwalader; Vice-Presidents General, John B. Porter for Pennsylvania, Felix McCurley for Maryland, George B. Sanford for Connecticut, and William L. Willey for Massachusetts; Secretary General, Henry H. Bellas; Assistant Secretary General, Charles F. B. Philbrook. The colors of the society are dark blue, black, and white. The badge, No. 6, and the rosette, No. 6a, are given in the plate.

The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America.-This society has for its objects

To collect manuscripts, traditions, relics, and mementoes of bygone days for preservation; to commemorate the success of the American Revolution and consequent birth of our glorious republie; to diffuse healthful and intelligent information in whatever concerns the past and tends to create popular interest in American history, and with a true spirit of patriotism seek to inspire genuine love of country in every heart within its range of influence; to promote social intercourse and fellowship among its members now and in all the future; and to teach the young that it is a sacred obligation to do justice and honor to heroic ancestors whose ability, valor, sufferings, and achievements are beyond all praise. It was organized in New York on May 23, 1890, and incorporated on April 13, 1891. The society admits to membership

Women who are legitimately descended in their own persons from some ancestor of worthy life who came to reside in an American colony prior to 1776, and who was efficient in the service of the country either in the founding of a town or a commonwealth that has survived and developed into importance, who held an important position in the colonial gov ernment, or who as a statesman or officer contributed to the achievement of American independence through which was created a great and powerful nation.

It is necessary to be invited to join the society by members who are willing to consult the proper authorities and initiate the candidate in the various duties required of members. No self-introduction is permitted. All of the 13 original States are well represented by members who are scattered all over the United States. It is a standing rule of this organization to hold commemorative entertainments twice a year. A valuable library has been collected and relics preserved. Papers from family archives, giving information concerning prominent persons of Revolutionary times are read at the monthly meetings. The officers are: President, Mrs. Archibald G. King; First Vice-President, Mrs. John L. Gardiner; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Walter Rutherfurd; secretary, Mrs. John K. Van Rensselaer. The colors of the Dames are gray and white. Its badge, No. 7, is shown in the plate.

Society of the Colonial Dames of America.-This society has for its objects To collect manuscripts, traditions, relics, and mementoes of bygone days for preservation; and a loan exhibition shall be held from time to time, as the society may direct, to commemorate the success of the American Revolution and consequent birth of our information in whatever concerns the past and tends glorious republic; to diffuse healthful and intelligent to create popular interest in American history, and with a true spirit of patriotism seek to inspire genuine love of country in every heart within its range