II. THE NORWEGIAN PRESS.-According to the newspaper statistics published in the Christiania Maanedskrift for March, 1868, there were issued in Norway, in the year 1867, seventeen daily papers, sixty-two tri-weeklies, semi-weeklies, weeklies, and semi-monthlies, and seven monthly magazines and quarterly reviews. The aggregate circulation of the daily papers was thirty-seven thousand five hundred copies; of the tri-weeklies, semiweeklies, weeklies, and semi-monthlies, forty thousand copies. Christiania has five daily papers, with an aggregate circulation of nineteen thousand copies. Seven of the Norwegian dailies receive brief telegraphic reports from Stockholm, Copenhagen, and other northern points. No Norwegian paper has a circulation of over five thousand copies. The advertising receipts of the Christiania, Bergen, and Drontheim papers are considerably smaller than those of their Stockholm and Copenhagen contemporaries. The poverty and sparseness of the population in the rural districts, the lack of railroad, mail, and telegraphic communications, exercise a depressing influence upon the Norwegian press, some of whose organs are edited and managed with considerable ability; and, in consequence, the compensation paid to Norwegian journalists and feuilletonists is not very

liberal.

The literary and scientific press of Norway consists of nineteen weeklies, and seven magazines and reviews, most of which are edited by eminent Norwegian authors and savants. With one exception, their circulation is very limited.

SCHÖNBEIN, CHRISTIAN, a distinguished chemist, was born at Metzingen, Wurtemberg, October 18, 1779; died at Baden-Baden August 28, 1868. He was in early life apprenticed to a manufacturer of chemical products, but, having been conscripted, he declined to take the oath, asserting that he would only give his word. The King of Wurtemberg, having heard of this, interrogated young Schonbein, and was so much pleased with his answers, that he acquitted him from military service, and assisted him in completing his education at the University of Tübingen and then of Erlangen. After the completion of his studies at the universities, Schönbein made a trip through France and England, and at the age of twenty-nine became a professor of the University of Basle. Among the chemical discoveries of Schönbein are the general phenomena of passiviti, or the property which many metals have of acquiring, under certain conditions, new properties; the discovery of the cause of the production of electricity in Grove's pile; the discovery of ozone, of guncotton, and of collodion. Schönbein has published two stories of travel, and a Programme, a kind of general plan indicating the end and

I. SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN. Reigning Prince, Günther, born September 24, 1801; succeeded his father August 19, 1835. Area, 333 square miles; population, according to the cen sus of 1867, 67,500. Revenue, in 1866, 614367 thalers; expenditures, 637,728; public debt, in 1868, 1,441,079. The capital, Sondershausen, had, in 1867, 6,275 inhabitants. The troops of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, in corsequence of a military convention with Prussia, serve, since October 1, 1867, in the Prassian army.

II. SCHWARZBURG - RUDOLSTADT. Reigning Prince, Albert, born April 30, 1798; succeeded his brother June 28, 1867. Area, 374 square miles; population, 75,074, of whom 74,865 are Protestants, 93 Roman Catholics, and 113 Is raelites. The capital, Rudolstadt, had, in 1857, 6,953 inhabitants. The receipts for the period from 1864 to 1866 were 2,582,322; the expenditures, 2,582,332. The troops of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt form, together with those c the two principalities of Reuss and Saxe-Altenburg, one of the infantry regiments of The ringia.

SERVIA, MICHAEL III. OBRENOVITCH, Prince of, born in Belgrade, September 4, 1825; assissinated in that city, June 10, 1868. He was the younger son of Prince Milosh Obrenovitch, ruling prince of Servia, 1817-1839, and 18581860, who died in 1860. He was educated with his elder brother Milan, by a Russian professor named Zoritch. In 1839 his father was c pelled to abdicate, and his brother Milan was made hospodar or prince, but died in abo three months, when Michael was proclaimed his successor. He was at that time but fourteen years of age, and the principality was ina condition bordering on anarchy, from Rus intrigues, the schemes of other aspirants to the hospodarship, and the bickerings of the Sente In September, 1842, he was deposed, and Aler ander Karageorgevitch, a scion of a rival horse, proclaimed prince. While in exile, he spent much time in travel and study, making b home in Vienna and in Wallachia. After s teen years of exile, a revolution in 1858 restored his father to power, and on his father's deat in 1860, he succeeded to the hospodarship ruled with great ability. In 1867 he succeeded in compelling Turkey to withdraw the g sons of the five fortresses in the possession of that Government. His assassination was lieved to be instigated by the deposed prince Karageorgevitch.

SEYMOUR, THOMAS HART, a political leader and former Governor of Connecticut, born in Hartford, Conn., in 1808; died in that city Se tember 3, 1868. His early education was tained in the excellent schools of his native city, and, his tastes leading him to prefers itary education, he entered the Military Ins tute at Middletown, Conn., then under the care of Captain Alden Partridge, and, pursing the full course, graduated there, we believ in 1829. He was, for some time after his re

turn to Hartford, the commanding officer of the Hartford Light Guard, a well-trained and aristocratic voluntary organization. After some delay, finding the prospects of a military career not promising, he turned his attention to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in Hartford about 1833. He soon attained to a fair practice, but never aspired to a high position in his profession. In 1837-'38 he became editor of a Democratic paper, The Jeffersonian, and about the same time was Judge of Probate for the district. His popular manners and fine address, together with his zeal, soon threw him into the arena of politics, and in 1843 he was elected to Congress from the Hartford district. At the expiration of his term he declined a renomination. In March, 1846, he was commissioned major of the Ninth or New England Regiment of Volunteers, in the Mexican War, where he distinguished himself by his gallant conduct. On the 13th of October, 1847, Colonel Ransom, the commander of the Ninth Regiment, having fallen in the assault on Chapultepec, Major Seymour led the troops, scaled the height, and with his command was the first to enter that strong fortress. He was promoted to the command of the regiment, and took part in the capture of Mexico. In 1849 he was nominated for Governor, but, though gaining largely over the vote of the preceding year, he was not elected. The next year he was again a candidate, and was chosen Governor by a handsome majority, being reëlected in 1851, 1852, and 1853. In 1852 he was presidential elector. In the autumn of 1853, President Pierce nominated him as United States minster to Russia, and he filled the office for four years with marked ability. He formed a warm personal friendship both with the Czar Nichlas and his son, the present Emperor, and received from them many valuable and costly okens of their regard. After nearly a year of European travel he returned to the United States in 1858. When the war commenced, his ympathies were largely with the South, and e continued his opposition to the war until its lose. In 1863 he was again a candidate for he governorship, but was defeated.

SIPHON OF THE BRIDGE OF ALMA. The river Seine divides the city of Paris and ts sewers into two parts or districts, that f the right and that of the left bank of the iver. In consequence of this division, two ystems of sewers are required, one for either ank. The main sewer of the right bank, a ort of confluent of the Seine, empties into it at Asnières. The main sewer of the left bank mpties at the bridge of Alma. It was imporant to avoid infecting the waters of the river ith the current of the last-mentioned sewer. o effect this, it was determined to connect he two sewers by continuing the main sewer f the left bank to the point where that of the ight bank empties into the Seine at Asnières. his necessitated the excavation of a tunnel nder the river. The plan was adopted of

running a long subterranean canal under the Seine, from the bridge of Alma to a point of junction with the main sewer of the right bank, near the street Courcelles. This was a great undertaking. The excavated canal at its lowest level has a depth of 30 metres. Starting from the lower level of the Seine, this subterranean channel runs under the Avenue Josephine, crosses the Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile (its point of greatest depth), the Avenue of Wagram, the street of Courcelles, and of Villiers, and turns at right angles to form a junction with the main sewer of Asnières near the point where it empties into the Seine. Three years were required for this work, which was carried on to its completion without the use of any structure above-ground indicating the work going on beneath. The canal was excavated by means of shafts, opening at unequal distances at the surface, after the manner of those for opening a railwaytunnel, or a mining-gallery. Starting from the Place de l'Étoile, and running on the line of the Avenue Josephine, the Place de l'Alma, etc., through a series of pits, for a long time noticeable on that route, the deblai, or excavated matter, was brought to the surface by steam-power.

In July, 1868, the work was completed, the shafts filled up, without in the least interfering with the public travel, or giving any indication at the surface to show the extent and severity of the labors which had been performed beneath. The junction sewer being completed, the sewage of the left bank was now to be passed through it under the Seine. To effect this object a great metallic siphon was early in September, 1868, sunk in the bed of the Seine at the bridge of Alma. This siphon consists of two tubes, 124 metres in length. The difference of one yard in the grade, between the openings of the opposite ends of this vast tube, creates a current and forces the flow of the sewage at the rate of two yards in a second. These tubes of which this siphon consists are not cast, like gas or water pipes, but formed of two wrought-iron plates one centimetre in thickness, placed one upon the other and riveted together. They were brought from the workshop in pieces of 14 yards in length, and put together on the bank of the river. Each tube being double, as above described, is nearly an inch in thickness. The diameter of each tube is one metre. The bed of the Seine where this metallic siphon was to be placed had been dredged to the depth of two metres. The ditch caused by this dredging had been filled up with mortar, in the midst of which the siphon being placed, will thus lie and be enveloped in a bed of mortar of about 16 inches in thickness. In the sinking of the siphon a great and unanticipated difficulty was encountered. The ends had been closed before it was moved into the water, in order, being filled with air, that it might be moved and guided with less difficulty to its place over

the ditch prepared for it. Once in the line of position, the ends were to be opened, and the siphon sunk to its proper place in the bed of the stream. The two tubes were firmly joined at the ends with plate-iron couplings, or collars, moved to the surface line over the ditch referred to, and loaded down with pig-iron to sink them. But scarcely had they been submerged to the depth of one-half their diameter, when the water checked in its current, and, seeking an outlet, boiled up over the upper tube, fell into the interval between the two, and then leaped up again over the lower tube, thereby causing a formidable oscillation and rolling movement, which shook off a great part of the iron by which the siphon was being sunk. This iron was raised and the ditch cleaned out by divers, and meanwhile additional precautions were taken to make the next attempt a success, by constructing a double stockade of piles on the upper side of the siphon, in the manner of those on its lower side, to the end that the siphon, sustained and held in a horizontal position, might more effectually resist the force of the current. The siphon was again loaded with iron, guys were attached to control and regulate its descent, and, at its second trial, it was submerged, without accident or obstruction, to the entire length of the stockades, which to a certain extent served the purpose of slides or runways. Water-gauges placed on different parts of the double tube, and indicating by their scales the depth attained, marked, as they sunk, the progress of the immersion. When the index showed the proper depth, the siphon had reached its bed; and thenceforth it has received the sewage which it is destined to bear from bank to bank, and nothing betrays where it lies in the bed of the Seine.

SLEMMER, Brevet Brigadier-General ADAM J., Lieutenant-Colonel 4th Infantry, an American army officer conspicuous for his gallantry and meritorious conduct, born in Montgomery County, Pa., about 1828; died at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, where he was commander, October 7, 1868. He entered West Point in September, 1846, and graduated July, 1850, twelfth in his class. He was assigned a position in the 1st Artillery, and, after a short campaign against the Seminole Indians in Florida, was four years on frontier service in California. In 1855, after a short period of garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, Charleston harbor, he was appointed assistant professor at West Point, where he remained four years, and then returned to garrison duty at Fort Moultrie and Barrancas Barracks, Fla., till January 10, 1861, when he was transferred to Fort Pickens, which he gallantly held till May 9, 1861, against the attempts to besiege it. He was promoted to be major of 16th Infantry May 14, 1861, and served in Virginia and the Western Department, being engaged under General Buell in his march from Corinth to Louisville, and back to Nashville. He was made briga dier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862,

and took part in the battle of Stone River, December 31, 1862, where he was severely wounded, and received a brevet of lieutenant-colonel in the Regular Army for his gallant conduct. He was disabled by his wound from further active service during the war, but performed some garrison and other duties. On the 8th of February, 1864, he was promoted to be lientenant-colonel of the 4th Infantry, and in March, 1865, was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general for his meritorious services. After being mustered out of the volunteer service in Aagust, 1865, he was employed in garrison duty at Fort Schuyler and Sackett's Harbor, N. Y till October 1, 1865; was on Board of Exami nation of Cadetship for promotion in the Army for over a year, and then was assigned to the command of the post of Fort Laramie, D. T. where he died of disease of the heart.

SMITH, SEBA, an American journalist and author, born at Buckfield, Me., September 14, 1792; died at "The Willows," Patchogue, LL July 29, 1868. He graduated at Bowdoin Col lege, Maine, in 1818, and subsequently settled in Portland, Me., as a writer for the periodica press. While there he wrote the popular se ries of humorous political letters under the pseudonyme of "Major Jack Downing," first published collectively in 1833, and which afterward passed through several editions. In 1842 he removed to New York, in which city, or in its neighborhood, he continued to reside until his death. His remaining publications comprise "Powhatan," a metrical romanse (1841); "New Elements of Geometry” (1850), an ingenious but paradoxical attempt to ove turn the common definitions of geometry, which he maintained the position that the three dimensions of space-length, breadth, and thickness - were predicated upon lines, s faces, and solids-the book excited little tention, and has long been out of print; and "Way Down East, or Portraitures of Yanke Life" (1855). Mr. Smith was the husband of Mrs. Elizabeth Oakes-Smith, whose miscellane ous writings are familiar to numerous readers His last illness was protracted and painful.

SOMMERS, Rev. CHARLES G., D.D., s Bap tist clergyman and author, born in London 1793; died in New York, December 19, 1968. In 1802 he emigrated with his parents to the United States, and was in 1811 employed John Jacob Astor as his confidential clerk and travelling agent. He made long journeys to Canada and elsewhere in his employer's inc and while engaged on one of these met wi such a change in his religious views that he decided upon entering the Christian ministry He accordingly stated to Mr. Astor his purp and his reasons for it, and his employer pare with him kindly though reluctantly. He e pleted his studies and began his labors & preacher at the Old Almshouse in the Par where he was very useful. From thence be was called to the pastorate of the First Baptis Church in Troy, and after several years re

called to New York to the pastorate of the South Baptist Church there (1823), worshipping in Nassau Street near Fulton. He remained their pastor till 1856, when he retired to private life. For twenty-three years he was the recording secretary of the Executive Committee of the American Tract Society. He was also an officer of the American Bible Society, and subsequently of the American and Foreign Bible Society, one of the founders of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and a director almost from the first of the Home for Aged and Indigent Females. He published several tracts of the American Tract Society, a number of sermons and occasional addresses, and a few small denominational books; he was also one of the editors of The Baptist Library. Madison University conferred the degree of D. D. upon him in 1852,

SOUTH CAROLINA. The convention, called by order of General Canby, "to frame a constitution and civil government" for the State of South Carolina, under the provisions of the reconstruction acts of Congress, assembled in the city of Charleston on the 14th of January, and organized by the election of Dr. A. G. Mackey, as permanent president. The convention finished its work in fifty-three days, and adjourned on the 17th of March.

As soon as the work of organizing the convention was completed, Governor Orr was invited to address the delegates. This he did in an earnest speech, in which he expressed his regret that the white citizens who were entitled to vote under the reconstruction acts had very generally abstained from exercising the privilege, and that, as a consequence, the "intelligence, refinement, and wealth of the State," were not represented in the convention. He therefore all the more earnestly recommended wise and moderate action on the part of the delegates, and suggested some of the features which he considered most essential in the new constitution. Above all, he urged the removal of all political disabilities from the white citizens, but advised an educational or property qualification, applicable to blacks and whites alike. In regard to a time-honored doctrine in the South, he said: "The doctrine of State rights, as taught in South Carolina, has been exploded by the war. The allegiance of the citizen, according to the results of that controversy, is due to the Government of the United States, and not to the State. I recognize this doctrine to the fullest extent, and, in my inaugural message as Governor of the State, I announced my judgment hat hereafter the supremacy of the United States Government over the State was undisbuted and indisputable. I am aware that nany of my contemporaries deny the proposition, but, if I can properly comprehend the egitimate sequences of war, no other result resents itself to my mind."

During the first weeks of the session, while he various committees were occupied in preparing the portions of the constitution in

trusted to them respectively, some measures of general legislation were adopted. The expenses of the body were provided for by an ordinance to raise a special tax for that purpose, which was carried into effect by an order of the military commander. One of the subjects demanding the most serious attention of the convention was that of relieving the people from their numerous pecuniary embarrassments, by some enactment having the force of law. Among the poorer classes, especially the freedmen, a degree of want existed amounting almost to destitution, but this was relieved in some measure by the United States Government through the agency of the Freedmen's Bureau. Advances were also made to planters, to a moderate extent, from the same source, which became a lien upon their property, by order of the military commander, to secure repayment. It was also proposed to make appeals directly to Congress for loans or donations, to relieve the people from pressing wants, but none of the propositions of this kind prevailed.

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By far the most important measures of relief ordained by the convention was a stay law," which was matured by long deliberation and finally adopted on the last day of the session, and afterward carried into effect by military order. While this ordinance was pending in the convention, a temporary stay of sales on execution for a period of three months was effected by an order of the district commander issued in response to a request of the convention. The stay law, as finally passed, continued all civil actions pending in the Superior Courts, to the spring term of 1869, and provided that execution on all judgments then rendered should be for only one-tenth of the amount due; further execution for one-fifth to. be issued in 1870, for one-half the residue in 1871, and for the balance in 1872. Such provisions were made as were necessary to render this ordinance effectual, and its operation was limited to debts and demands contracted prior to May, 1865. Another ordinance was passed declaring null and void all contracts the consideration of which was the purchase of slaves, and prohibiting all proceedings for their enforcement.

During the deliberations of the convention, the following resolutions, which exhibit the views of a portion of the members, were submitted, and referred to the Committee on the Executive:

Whereas, a large majority of the people heretofore constituting the government of the State of South Carolina have, by unjustifiable rebellion, forfeited their political rights, and are hostile to every act of Congress for the reconstruction of the State to the Union, claiming, as they do, every political right under the Constitution, which properly defines their late acts as treason and authorizes even the penalty of death for crimes thus committed, instead of equal rights with those who love the Government which they so madly attempted to destroy, and

Whereas, the officers of the present provisional government of the State, from the highest to the

lowest, have generally exercised their influence and used the emoluments of their offices in a manner highly prejudicial to the claims of loyal citizens, and in opposition to the laws of Congress, looking to a speedy reconstruction, the only competent authority we recognize, and are now marshalling their forces to defeat any constitution, however faultless it may be, that this convention may frame as the fundamental law of the State: therefore, be it

Resolved, That we, the representatives of the loyal people, having accepted in good faith the terms offered by Congress for the restoration of the State to her proper relations in the Union, demand for ourselves and our constituents, under the law and the constitution, present and prospective, every right which these embittered and incorrigible enemies to the Government claim as exclusively their own.

Resolved, That the continued efforts of the present disloyal officers of the provisional government of the State, to continue themselves in power as such, while looking to a speedy reinstatement to place in the Federal positions so lately and contemptuously deserted by many of them, and their systematic efforts to escape the just penalties of violated faith, while their active hostility to the essential principles of republicanism remain, are substantial and positive proofs that the safety of the Government and the welfare of the people demand their removal.

The following were referred to the Committee on Miscellaneous Provisions:

Whereas, the prosperity of States, like that of families, depends upon the harmony existing among its members, and the precepts of truth and religion teach us to do unto others as we would they should do unto us;

And whereas, our newly-enfranchised citizens have displayed their good sense and strong love of country, by a cordial and unassuming cooperation with the rest of their fellow-citizens, in promoting the true interests of our beloved State and glorious Republic, be it

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Resolved, That this convention take such action as it may in its wisdom deem compatible with its powers, and conducive to the public weal, to expunge forever from the vocabulary of South Carolina the epithets 66 negro, nigger," and "Yankee," as used in an opprobrious sense. That the exigencies and improved civilization of the times demand that this convention, or the legislative body created by it, enact such laws as will make it a penal offence to use the above epithets, in the manner described, against any American citizens of this State, and to punish the insult by fine or imprisonment.

The first article of the constitution embraces only the Declaration of Rights, which consists of forty-one sections. Besides the provisions ordinarily contained in documents of the kind, the following may be selected as somewhat peculiar :

SECTION 2. Slavery shall never exist in this State; neither shall involuntary servitude, except as a pun ishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

SEC. 5. This State shall ever remain a member of the American Union, and all attempts, from whatever source, or upon whatever pretext, to dissolve the said Union shall be resisted with the whole power of the State.

SEC. 12. No person shall be disqualified as a witness, or be prevented from acquiring, holding, and transmitting property, or be hindered in acquiring education, or be liable to any other punishment for any offence, or be subjected in law to any other restraints or disqualifications in regard to any personal rights than such as are laid upon others under like

circumstances.

SEO. 32. No property qualification shall be neces

sary for an election to or the holding of any of and no office shall be created, the appointment which shall be for a longer time than good behavin After the adoption of this constitution, any pers who shall fight a duel, or send or accept a chan for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in f a duel, shall be deprived of holding any of honor or trust in this State, and shall be other punished as the law shall prescribe.

SEC. 39. No title of nobility or hereditary en ment shall ever be granted in this State. Ditty tion on account of race or color, in any case will ever, shall be prohibited, and all classes of ex shall enjoy equally all common, public, leg, a political privileges.

The House of Representatives is to be posed of 124 members, apportioned amon counties according to population, who s There is to be hold office two years. Senator for each county elected for a term di four years. The regular State elections are be held on the third Wednesday in October every second year, beginning with 1862. £. the sessions of the General Assembly are be held annually on the 4th Monday of vember. Ministers of the Gospel are ineligible to seats in the Legislature, alt the office of Governor or Lieutenant-Govern All members of the Assembly, and all of 5 before entering upon their duties, and all ne bers of the bar, before commencing the p and subscribe the following oath: tice of their profession, are required to ta

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the cast may be) that I am duly qualified according the Constitution of the United States, and this State, to exercise the duties of the ef and that I will faithfully discharge, to the to which I have been elected (or appointe of my abilities, the duties thereof; and t recognize the supremacy of the Constit and laws of the United States over the tution and laws of any State; and that I support, protect, and defend the Constitu of the United States, and the constitution South Carolina, as ratified by the people *

So help me God."

The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor to be chosen for a term of two years, and a invested with the functions usual to offers the same grade in other States. Among disqualifications for these positions, is a nial of the "existence of a Supreme Be A Comptroller-General, Treasurer, and Ser tary of State are to be chosen, to hold of. for a term of four years.

The judicial power of the State is vested i a Supreme Court; in two Circuit Courts a Court of Common Pleas having civil j diction, and a Court of General Sessions criminal jurisdiction only; in Probate Ca and justices of the peace. The General sembly may also establish such municip other inferior courts as may be deemed neces chief justice, and two associate justices ch sary. The Supreme Court is to consist of by a joint vote of the General Assembly f term of six years. The Circuit Judges are