Page
Reduction of Currencies,

151
To reduce English, &c. Currencies to Federal Money,

153
Federal Money to the Currencies of England, &c.

154
one Currency to the Par of another Currency,

155
Interest,

156
T'ime, Rale per cent., and Amount given, in fini the Principal,

164
Time, Rate per cent., and Interest
. given, to find the Principal,

165
Principal, Interest, and Time given, to find the Rate per cent.,

166
l'rincipal, Rate per cent., and Interest given, to find the Time,

167
To find the Interest on Notes, Bonds, &c., when partial Payments have
been made,

168
Compound Interest,

169
by Progression,

229
Equation of Payments,

176
Ratio, or the Relation of Numbers,

177
Proportion, or Single Rule of Three,

179
Same Questions, solved by Analysis, fi 65, ex.
l'ompound Proportion, or Double Rule of Three,

187
Fellowship,

192
l'axes, Method of assessing,

195
Alligation,

197
Duodecimals,

201
Scale for taking Dimensions in Feet and Decimals of a Foot, 204
Involution,
205 | Evolution,

207
Extraction of the Square Root,

207
Application and Use of the Square Root, see Supplement,

212
Extraction of the Cube Root,

215
Application and Use of the Cube Root, see Supplement,

220
Arithmetical Progression, 222 Geometrical Progression,

225
Annuities at Compound Interest, 231 Permutation,

237
Practice, 1129, ex. 10.–19. T 43. Commission, 1 82; 11 85, ex. 5, 6.
Insurance, 1 82.

Loss and Gain, 82; 1T 88, ex. 148.
Buying and Selling Stocks, 1 82. Discount, 1 85, ex. 6–11.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
Barter, ex. 21–32.

| Position, ex. 89—108.
To find the Area of a Square or Parallelogram, ex. 148–154.

of a Triangle, ex. 155-159.
Ilaring the Diameter of a Circle, to find the Circumference; or, having the

Circumference, to find the Diameter, ex. 171-175.
To find the Area of a Circle, ex. 176-179.

of a Globe, ex. 180, 181.
To find the Solid Contents of a Globe, cx. 182—184.

of a Cylinder, ex. 185–187.
of a Pyraniid, or Cone, ex. 188, 189.

of any Irregular Body, ex. 202, 203.
Gauging, ex. 190, 191.'

| Mechanical Powers, ex. 192–201.

.

Forms of Notes, Bonds, Receipts, and Orders,
Book-Keeping,

259
263

NUMERATION. TT 1. A SINGLE or individual thing is called a unit, unity, or one ; one and one more are called two; two and one more are called three; three and one more are called four ; four and one more are called five; five and one more are called six; six and one more are called seven; seven and one more are called eight ; eight and one more are called nine ; nine and one more are called ten, &c.

These terms, which are expressions for quantities, are called numbers. There are two methods of expressing numbers shorter than writing them out in words; one called the Roman method by letters,* and the other the Arabic method by figures. The latter is that in general use.

In the Arabic meihod, the nine first numbers have each an appropriate character to represent them. Thus,

* In the Roman method by letters, I represents one ; V, five; X, ten; L, fifty ; C, one hundred; D, five hundred ; and M, one thousand.

As often as any letter is repeated, so many times its value is repeated, unless it be a letter representing a less number placed before one representing a greater ; then the less number is taken from the greater ; thus, IV represents four, IX, nine, &c., as will be seen in the following

TABLE.
One
I.
Ninety

LXXXX. or XC.
Two
II.

One hundred C.
Three
Ill.

Two hundred CC.
Four
1111. or IV.

Three hundred CCC.
Five
V.

Four hundred CCCC.
Six
VI.

Five hundred D. or 10.*
Seven
VII.

Six hundred DC.
Eight
VIII.

Seven hundred DCG.
Nine
VIIII. or IX.

Eight hundred DCCC.
Ten

Nine hundred DCCCC.
Twenty
XX..

X:

A unit, unity, or one, is represented by this character, 1.
Two

2. Three

3. Four

4. Five

5. „Six

6. Seven

7. Eight

8. Nine

9. Ten has no appropriate character to represent it; but is

considered as forming a unit of a second or higher
order, consisting of tens, represented by the same
character (1) as a unit of the first or lower order,
but is written in the second place from the right
hand, that is, on the left hand side of units; and
as, in this case, there are no units to be written
with it, we write, in the place of units, a cipher, (0,)

which of itself signifies nothing; thus, Ten 10. One ten and one unit are called

Eleven

11. One ten and two units are called

Twelve 12. One ten and three units are called

Thirteen 13. One ten and four units are called

Fourteen 14. One ten and five units are called

Fifteen

15 One ten and six units are called

Sixteen 16. One ten and seven'units are called

Seventeen 17. One ten and eight units are called

Eighteen 18. One ten and nine units are called

Nineteen 19. Two tens are called

20. Three tens are called

30. Four tens are called

40. Five tens are called

Fifty Six tens are called

Sixty 60. Seven tens are called

Seventy

70. Eight tens are called

Eighty

80, Nine tens are called

Ninety

90. Ten tens are called a hundred, which forms a unit of a

still higher order, consisting of hundreds, represented
by the same character (1) as a unit of each of the
foregoing orders, but is written one place further
toward the left hand, that is, on the left hand side
of tens ; thus,

One hundred 100.
One hundred, one ten, and one unit, are called

One hundred and eleven 111.

Twenty
Thirty
Forty

50.

1 2. There are three hundred sixty-five days in a year. In this number are contained all the orders now described, viz. units, tens, and hundreds. Let' it be recollected, units occupy the first place on the right hand; tens, the second place from the right hand; hundreds, the third place. This number may now be decomposed, that is, separated into parts, exhibiting each order by itself, as follows:-The highest order, or hundreds, are three, represented by this character, 3; but, that it may be made to occupy the third place, counting from the right hand, it must be followed by two ciphers, thus, 300, (three hundred.) The next lower order, or tens, are six, (six tens are sixty,) represented by this character, 6; but, that it may occupy the second place, which is the place of tens, it must be followed by one cipher, thus, 60, (sixty.) The lowest order, or units, are five, represented by a single character, thus, 5, (five.)

We may now combine all these parts together, first writing down the five units für the right hand figure, thus, 5; then the six tens (60) on the left hand of the units, thus, 65; then the three hundreds (300) on the left hand of the six tens, thus, 365, which number, so written, may be read three hundred, six tens, and five units; or, as is more usual, three hundred and sixty-five.

3. Hence it appears, that figures have a different value according to the PLACE they occupy, counting from the right hand towards the left.

wHund.
co Tens.
Units.

Take for example the number 3 3 3, made by the same figure three times repeated. The 3 on the right hand, or in the first place, signifies 3 units; the same figure, in the second place, signifies 3 tens, or thirty; its value is now increased ten times. Again, the same figure, in the third place, signifies neither 3 units, nor 3 tens, but 3 hundreds, which is ten times the value of the same figure in the place immediately preceding, that is, in the place of tens ; and this is a fundamental law in notation, that removal of one place towards the left increases the value of a figure TEN TIMES.

Ten hundred make a thousand, or a unit of the fourth order. Then follow tens and hundreds of thousands, in the same manner as tens and hundreds of units. To thousands

a

succeed millions, billions, &c., to each of which, as to units and to thousands, are appropriated three places, * as exhibited in the following examples:

*

w Units
- Hundreds

Tens
A Units
o Hundreds
o Tens
N Units
c Hundreds
w Tens

Units
to Hundreds
o Tens
w Units
o Hundreds
- Tens
N Units

EXAMPLE 1st.

3 1 7 4 5 9 2 8 3 7 4 6 3 5 1 2

EŽAMPLE 2d.

3, 174, 5 9 2,8 37, 4 6 3,5 1 2,

To facilitate the reading of large numbers, it is frequently practised to point them off into periods of three figures each, as in the 2d example. The names and the order of the periods being known, this division enables us to read numbers consisting of many figures as easily as we can read three figures only. Thus, the above examples are read 3 (three) Quadrillions, 174 (one hundred seventy-four) Trillions, 592 (five hundred ninety-two) Billions, 837 (eight hundred thirty-seven) Millions, 463 (four hundred sixtythree) Thousands, 512 (five hundred and twelve.)

After the same manner are read the numbers contained in the following