The principle of an incandescent solid body being the main source of the luminosity of flame, is beautifully apparent in another intense light, obtained by directing a stream of mixed oxygen and hydrogen gases upon lime or clay. It was first noticed by Dr. Hare of Philadelphia, who used clay as the incandescent substance; but lime was subsequently employed at the suggestion of Mr. Gurney, and it is now usually called the Lime-ball Light. The flame of the mixed gases which contain no solid matter is scarcely visible; but the heat is intense, and the lime at so high a temperature is almost too brilliant for the eye to look upon. It has been proposed to use the lime-ball as a miniature sun, where one powerful lamp might supersede a great number of ordinary lights; but it is not easily managed, and, like the Bude light, it is expensive.. (To be concluded next week.) qualities not equally pertaining to oil-lamps or, is likely to prevent it from being ever generally candles; it gave a more brilliant light, and took adopted. longer time to burn than an equal bulk of coalgas. All these merits, however, though justly belonging to it, have not enabled it to compete with the superior economy of its progenitor, and oil gas may be now considered to be in disuse. The gases which have been spoken of, whether from coal or oil, are not simple or uncompounded airs: they both consist of an air called hydrogen, in combination with charcoal. When pure hydrogen is burned, it gives a very feeble light; but if a small portion of an incombustible substance be held in its flame, such as a piece of thin platinum wire, the wire becomes heated to whiteness, and is strongly luminous: it is said to be incandescent. In a common gas flame the charcoal is separated from the hydrogen before it is consumed; and thus losing its gaseous form, it exists for an instant in the condition of minute solid particles suspended in the flame. This fact, first explained by Sir Humphry Davy, can be made apparent by the introduction of the edge of a white plate into the burning gas. If the plate be thrust into the lowest part of the jet where the flame is blue, it will not be stained, because the charcoal is still in the gaseous state; but if it be raised to the middle of the flame, where the light is brilliant, it is instantly coated with charcoal. In accordance with these facts, it is seen that heated particles of charcoal are the source of light emitted from coal-gas; and as the luminosity of incandescent bodies is greater as the heat is more intense, an increase of light should be obtained by increasing the temperature of a flame by more rapid combustion--an object which is in so far effected in the Argand and other improved burners. As early as about the beginning of the present century, Dr. Thomas Young in London, and Dr. Ure in Glasgow, (1806,) introduced a jet of oxygen (the great supporter of combustion) into the interior of the flame of a lamp, and thereby produced a more rapid combustion and an in.crease of light. In 1838 and 1839 patents were taken by Mr. G. Gurney for a similar method of burning an Argand oil-lamp, and also for coal-gas. This light, commonly attributed to him, takes its name from his residence in Coruwall, and is called the Bude Light. Mr. Gurney also improved the London coal-gas for his lamp, by passing it through a vessel of naphtha, a vapourisable substance, abounding in charcoal; and he finally obtained a light of so great brilliancy, that for flames of equal size it was twelve times more luminous than ordinary gas. Unfortunately, the Bude light is troublesome to manage, and expensive; and though it has been tried by the Trinity Board, with a view to its introduction in lighthouses, and was used for some time to light up the House of Commons, we believe it has been abandoned in both cases, and its expense THE PATH OF LIFE. The path of life is compared to the sea, to the wilderness, to the earthquake, and to the fire. To the sea, when the mind is tossed with temarise who formerly said to the sca, “Peace, be pest and not comforted, until He is pleased to still:"-to the wilderness, wherein we are taught to accept that food which He who feedeth the ravens seeth meet for us, although it may not always be grateful to the natural desire-to the earthquake, because the earthly mind in us must be shaken and removed out of its place, before we can be formed into the image of the heavenly:-and to the fire, whereby everything of the first nature that is opposed to the divine nature and excellence, will be burnt up. Gleanings from Pious Authors. PUBLIC DEBTS AND REVENUES OF EUROPE. T. G. Brown read a paper On the National Debt and Revenues in proportion to the Population and Extent of Area of the various States of Europe.'-The data of this paper were obtained from the Almanac de Gotha,' a work by Oberhausen, Reden's 'Statistical Journal,' Ritter's Statistical Geography,' another by Richter, and the Conversations-Lexicon' published at Leipsic by Brockhausen. The total amount of debt borne by the fifty eight European States was shown to be 1,753,278,1277., of which the eight republics sustained three-twentieths and the monarchies the remaining seventeen twentieths. Every geographical square mile in Europe is burthened with an average of 9,7407. of the public debt:-Hamburgh sustaining the maximum of debt in proportion to its area, and Prussia and Turkey the mininum. And in proportion to the population of Europe an average of 67. 15s. per head was indicated in this case, the Nether lands sustaining the maximum and Prussia the mininum. The revenues of the European States yield a total of 207,301,7521.; of which 53,386,2931. is derived from the republics, and 153,915,459%. or three-fourths, from the monarchies: -Spain holding the worst position as regards the amount of revenue opposed to the National Debt, the interest on which at 57. per cent. would consume the whole revenue,-while Prussia requires only a fourteenth of its revenue to be so applied. The paper was purely statistical; and proved that it is not the amount of debt that undermines the State's credit, but the want of natural resources to cover the required interest.-Athenæum. For Friend's Review. The Sun hath closed his day's career- Save Bethlehem's shepherds, who around As swiftly gliding from the skies, He speaks the vaults of Heaven ring Which unto all mankind shall be- The wondering shepherds raise their eyes, To cheer them with angelic song; Ye haughty ones, your pride subdue; And warriors, cease your bloody strife; No more the earth with blood bedew, Nor scorn the poor and low of life; For Angels to poor Shepherds sang, Peace on Earth-good will to man. Lincoln, O. SUMMARY OF NEWS. A. DOMESTIC.-Three distinct shocks of an earthquake were felt at St. Louis on the morning of the 2d inst, the whole occurring in about one minute. The motion was undulating, or wave-like, and appeared to proceed from the South-West. None of the shocks were accompanied by any perceptible sound. According to the latest report of the Board of Health of Cincinnati, the Cholera has ceased to exist there in the form of an epidemic. CENTRAL AMERICA. -Endeavors are being made to establish a line of steamers from Panama by Punta Arenas to Realejo, La Union, Eleajulta and Jzapa, calling at the above places once every month. The State of Guatemala has offered to contribute $6000 annually for five years or more for that purpose, and exemption from port dues at Jzapa. Shocks of an earthquake have been felt in various parts of the State. At Guezaltenango, Unatillon, some houses were destroyed. TEHUANTEPEC EXPEDITION.-The greater part of the Tehuantepec Surveying Commission have returned to this country. All the essential surveys are represented as being completed, and the entire practicability of the route fully established. Extensive beds of iron and coal have been discovered in the vicinity of the route proposed. A succession of insurrections had occurred at various points on the Isthmus, in consequence, it is supposed, of the regulation of the Tehuantepec treaty and the atti tude assumed in regard to the subject, by the Mexi can Government, the people generally desiring the completion of an enterprise which promises to exert so beneficial an influence upon their interests. In the West Indies an experiment has been made for the production of gas from the Trinidad bitumen. One hundred pounds of bitumen, it is said, made about 1000 feet of gas of great purity, and at a slight cost as compared with coal gas. FOREIGN-The U. S. Mail Steamship Franklin arrived at New York on the morning of the 14th inst., from Havre and Cowes; being twelve days from the latter place. She brings more than an hundred passengers, and between six and seven hundred tons of valuable French, Swiss, and Belgian goods. The latest London papers are of the 2d inst. The Royal Mail Steamship Amazon 2256 tons, and 800 horse power, intended for the West India Mail service, was launched at Blackwell on the 28th ult. The Amazon is said to be the largest ship ever built on the Thames. On the 30th ult. and 1st inst., respectively, the number of visitors who entered the crystal palace are reported to have been 52,879 and 51,069. On the 1st instant a military riot broke out in Liverpool, which was not suppressed until seve ral men were killed, and a number more dan gerously wounded. The American emigrant ship Halcyon, bound to New York, with upwards of 300 passengers, principally Irish and German emigrants, when within five or six days sail of New York, was totally dis abled, by a succession of disasters, and the whole crew were in the most imminent danger, when they were happily rescued, almost at the last extremity, by two ships from New York on their way to Liver pool. One woman and child, it appears, were lost. In the French legislative assembly a motion was recently made, for such modification of the tariff as to prepare the way for an approach to free trade. The motion was rejected by a large majority, yet it is believed that free trade doctrines are making steady progress in France. The tidings from the Cape of Good Hope, as late as the 15th of Fifth month, represent the Kaffir war as still raging, the natives continuing to manifest no disposition to solicit a peace. Some sanguinary conflicts have occurred, in which the destruction of life appears to have been chiefly on the side of na tive races. done of late: I beheld thee as a servant who had been honoured and dignified with a precious gift, or designed for usefulness and service in the church, I mean as a nursing mother in our Israel. His blessed eye, that is looking over all His works, saw in that day the state of His church in this quarter, to use the metaphor recorded in neither sword nor spear among forty thousand in Israel!" The Lord's ways are not as our ways. He employs secondary causes to bring Price two dollars per annum, payable in advance, or Scripture on a similar occasion, "there was six copies for ten dollars. This paper is subject to newspaper postage only. Life and Gospel labours of JOHN CONRAN, of about His gracious purposes, and which bear the Moyallen, in Ireland. (Continued from page 707.) Tenth month 8th, 1807.—I left home for the Quarterly Meeting at Waterford. 11th.-First-day morning meeting was a very 11th.-First-day morning meeting was a very low season to me; the state of the Jewish church, in the time of Nicodemus, was opened before me, who, though a master in Israel, and a ruler among the Jews, appeared to know nothing of the spiritual doctrine of regeneration, though perhaps well instructed in the questions and traditions of his church; this may be the state of too many amongst us, who have heard by the ear, and their fathers have declared to them the truths of the Gospel, yet if they do not experience the new birth in themselves, and hear and obey the voice of Christ, they are standing on the same foundation this ruler was, and cannot clearly comprehend the meaning and intent of this doctrine no more than he could. 25th.-At Clonmel, the evening meeting was to me a cloudy and low time, but a little opening appearing, I was enabled to show that the form did not entitle us to be children of the promise, though we may call Abraham our father; I had also to call to the worldly-minded, &c., and was favoured with liberty in this meeting to my comfort. This day I felt a pointing in my mind to stay over the Monthly Meeting here next Fifth-day; these intimations can only be pared to holding forth a finger to a distant object, yet I am afraid but to acknowledge them, and when fulfilled they afford peace. com From John Conran to D. C. Dear Friend,-Thou hast been frequently the subject of my secret and serious meditations some years past, at a time also when a larger share of intimacy subsisted between us than has resemblance of the usual means in human affairs. How often has he made use of His holy ordinance of marriage, to translate a living instrument from one quarter of the vineyard to another, even from one nation to another; and often this translation has been a means of raising them up, and qualifying them for usefulness and service in their new destination, in the wise ordering of Him who sleepeth not by day, nor slumbereth by night. And although the multitude, who are thus mercifully cared for, perceive not this His fatherly regard, yet He is thus, season after season, watching over His flock, and delegating the shepherds, giving them a charge, as He did to Peter formerly, to feed His sheep and His lambs, if he loved Him; happy indeed is that servant whom his Master, when He cometh to take an account of His servants, shall find so doing! Now, my dear friend, I believe thy marriage. outward means to bring thee here, but I believe was of this nature; natural affection was the the Lord's hand was underneath, to make use of thee, and those talents He has entrusted thee with, for the service of His family in this quarter. If we may judge of great things by small, we may see with His truly dedicated and devoted servants, that almost every thought of their hearts is to be found doing their heavenly Father's will, so I am persuaded the holy Head and High Priest of the church is going to and necessities of His family, and affording them fro, up and down, looking after the wants and assistance one way or other. I have been jealous over thee, I trust with a degree of godly jealousy, [querying] how thou hast made use of thy Lord's money. The unfaithful steward, when under a sense of great poverty-to dig he would not, and to beg he was ashamed-wisely went among his Lord's debtors, asking how much they owed to their Lord; mayst thou, my dear friend, in much [sincerity] put the impartial query to thyself, how much dost thou owe? Talents are not given to any of us to lay up or bury, but to make use of to the praise of the Great Giver; thy candle has been lighted and placed on a candlestick, what for?-that it may enlighten the house and show forth His praise. If it has done so it is well-it is not for me to judge; my concern at present is to awaken an inquiry, and put thee in mind that the hour is coming on thee and me, and perhaps is nearer than we may expect. when we must go forth and meet the Bridegroom; and happy will it be for those who shall be found ready to enter in with Him, and receive the blessed sentence of, "Well done, thou hast been faithful over the little, thou shalt be made joyful in the house of thy God!" John Conran to James Abell, under deep trials. Dublin, Fifth mo. 1st, 1812. Dear Friend, I received thy very acceptable letter by our mutual friend, John Leckey, which came in a time when my mind was dipped into sympathy with the Seed, which I feared would be felt in a suffering state in various sittings of the approaching solemnity. On the approach of these solemn seasons my lot is a suffering one, and though painful to the natural part in us, we ought not to repine in being companions with our dear Lord and Master, and accounted worthy to suffer with Him; that when our measure is filled up in His militant church, we may be favoured to have a mansion of His preparing in His triumphant church, in His holy presence, and in the company of His saints and angels, where the wicked cease from troubling, and all sorrows are wiped away. This state, which is attainable, and is set before us that we may endeavour to attain it, is worth patiently submitting to the light afflictions of this present season for. Though we are at seasons crowned with the heavenly gift, yet, if the wicked are permitted to make it a crown of thorns, and we have to feel the sharpness of them as well as the shame, the disciple is not above or better than his Master; He also was crowned in both capacities, but the submissive language of His spirit was, (let us remember it,) "Not my will but thy will, O Father, be done." His holy will concerning the members of His church is sanctification, and if His unerring wisdom chooses the furnace for that end, He can bring us forth as He did the three children formerly, in safety, their garments undestroyed, and their bodies without the smell of fire upon them, for the angel of His Divine presence was with them, and is still with His afflicted little ones, who are preferring Him to their chiefest joy in this world. I remember the saying of a dear friend, Thomas Scattergood, under a holy influence, to me when under deep suffering, "Satan hath desired to have thee to sift thee as wheat, but I have prayed for thee that thy faith fail not;" and his holy prayer proved availing, even to this very day, enabling to speak well of the Lord's name, because His mercy endureth, and will endure from one generation to another. I nearly sympathize with thee, my dear friend, in thy present suffering state, but not as Job's friends, in a similar trying dispensation, with presumption; no, my dear friend, but under a full persuasion that thy trials are in unutterable wisdom, to purify and to bring thee to a more full acknowledgment of the depths of His counselthat thou hadst known Him like Job, in an unspotted life and conversation, and brought praise to His Truth. Yet here is not to be our rest, but to obtain a further knowledge of Him, in which every other consideration may be abased, and we bow ourselves before Him in dust and ashes, that He alone may be confessed, and His name (power) be exalted in us and over all, blessed for ever! I salute thee, my dear friend, in the fresh feeling of that love which I believe flows at this time from the Fountain that will never be drawn dry, though flowing from generation to generation, at which the Lord's flock have at all times been made to drink, and of which the flock of the stranger cannot partake. And may He who dwelt in the bush and it was not consumed, dwell in thee, and thou in Him, so that the arrows of the archers may be blunted and turned aside, and the Lord may have the acknowledgment of praise, is the sincere desire of thy affectionate brother. Fifth Month, 1812.-I attended the Yearly Meeting in Dublin, which was large, and at times favoured with a living spring of Gospel ministry, to the edifying and comfort of the living part of the family. The meetings of business were also favoured with the calming influence of Divine Power, so as to cause the waves to be still, which were at times distressing, occasioned by three appeals from the province of Munster, which has been cause of exercise to some there for several years past, and occasioned a breach of love among them. The state of that province coming weightily before the meeting at this time, a visit to it was appointed, and my name was set down for that service with five others, to meet at Limerick Quarterly Meeting in the Seventh Month, and to proceed further as Truth may open the way. In the Seventh Month, I left home to attend the Quarterly Meeting at Limerick, the several sittings of which proved to me seasons of deep suffering, and I found no relief in them till the last sitting, which was closed, when I requested a pause might be made, after which I laid down my burden, and [expressed] the exercise I had passed through, which was deep suffering; the occasion of it I dare not conjecture, fearing to be found in the seat of judgment, but referred the judgment to each, to examine themselves,, has been in my labor, my heart was meditating how far they had contributed to this distress, on good matter, and I was often comforted in my which was now felt to cover the minds of the heart in those days though I knew not from living amongst us. The meeting closed in a whence it came. As I thus continued in well painful manner to me, feeling little or no relief. doing, according to the best of my knowledge, the Next day, in the meeting for worship, I had an Lord was pleased to appear to me in an extraoropen time to the youth, of whom there was a dinary manner, and a sweet visitation I had; large number present, and the meeting ended for I was led into a deep silence before the Lord, comfortably. I then went to Mountmellick, and there to wait, and durst not utter words, notremained there nearly two weeks, attending the withstanding I had gathered much of good words meetings in course, which felt to me to be low and scripture sentences. and exercising seasons, very little ability afforded to minister till the day I left it, when I was concerned, in the week-day meeting, to express my sense of sundry states-some, in whom the precious seed of God's kingdom was covered with the clods of the earth, which prevented its growth-in others, the briars and thorns choked it whilst some were soaring aloft, above the simplicity of Truth, and entering into airy speculations concerning those things which can only be known by the revelation of the Father; it was by this revelation that Abraham saw Christ's day, and was glad, and the prophets saw it and foretold it; some were called to come down from the above state of self exaltation, by Him who is willing to enter in, and abide with them, if they will but obey His call. I left this place not altogether relieved from the burden I had to bear, being sensible how hard it is for the voice of the servant to be effectually heard by those who have not submitted themselves to the voice which has spoken, and is speaking from heaven. (To be continued.) For Friends' Review, DYING HOURS OF THE FAITHFUL. "Come and hear, all ye that fear God and I will declare what he hath done for my soul; Ps. lxvi. 16." In the record left by Alice Hayes, the close of whose Christian course we present, as instructive and helpful to those who are now pressing onward to the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus, we find that in early life the Searcher of all hearts by his divine light opened her understanding, and set her sins in order before her, and made known what it was that reproved her for her mispent time. This was the light and grace or spirit of God of which she says, "I had never heard there was anything so near me as I felt it and found it." Brought into deep sorrow that she had so long kept out the Lord of glory who had been knocking at the door of her darkened heart, the consideration of her latter end was laid weightily before her, and the thoughts of eternity and the words, "ever and ever," took deep hold. Being in a humble condition of life, she was early under the necessity of leaving her father's house and seeking employment. This she soon found in a quiet family, "whom, she says," "I served honestly and in love, and when my hand "Some time after this experience, being invited by neighbours who, through curiosity, were inclined to attend a meeting of the Quakers, she accompanied them, and remarks respecting. it: "It made a great impression on my mind. The solidity of the people, and the weighty frame of spirit they were under, occasioned many deep thoughts to pass through my heart by beholding so much difference between their way of worship, and that of those among whom I went. After some time of silence, a woman stood up and spoke, whose testimony affected my heart and tendered my spirit, so that I could not refrain from weeping." For several years she went no more to such meetings, but attended the public worship of the Church of England, but, she states in her account, "My mistress would be often saying, this Alice will be a Quaker,' though I had still no such thought, but through the Lord's goodness to me, I spent all my spare time either in reading, or in getting alone, or in some religious performance, and continued diligent and faithful to the trust that my master and mistress reposed in me, to their satisfaction and my own." By a change in the family arrangement, she was for a short time in another place where she says, "I received hurt as to my spiritual condition. Here I had no help towards Heaven, but the contrary, by the ill example of vain and irreligious conversation in that family." Let us all bear in mind her instructive comment on this circumstance. "I therefore caution young people to take especial care what company they join, and to fly from bad association as from a serpent, for surely it was a sore venom to me because it helped to drive good things out of my mind, and forgetfulness of God followed, which caused me to have many a sorrowful hour when the Lord brought me to a sense of it." Being soon after prosperously settled in marriage, she forgot for a time the tender dealings and mercies of her gracious God, and the promises and covenants she had made with him, and the desires of her heart were too much in the enjoyments of this life. Of this she says, "The Lord laid his hand on me in order to awaken me out of this false ease, and by sickness brought me near to death; and just would God have been if he had cut me off for my covenant breaking and disobedience; dreadful it was to me to behold my time so short, and the work I had to |
