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General definitions - Additions - Subtraction - Multiplication

—Division — Factoring — Cancellation-Greatest common divi-
Least common multiple- Fractions - Decimals - Accounts
and bills - Denominate numbers - Percentage-Profit and loss
Commercial discount Commission - Insurance - Taxes

Duties - Interest - Partial payments - Bank discount — Ex-

change-Equation of payments - Ratio - Proportion - Partner-

ship Involution Evolution Stocks and bonds Notes,

drafts, and checks.

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MANUAL FOR TEACHERS

I

INTRODUCTORY

Plan and Scope of the Work. In addition to the subjects generally included in the ordinary text-books in arithmetic, Mathematics for Common Schools contains such simple work in algebraic equations and constructive geometry as can be studied to advantage by pupils of the elementary schools.

The arithmetical portion is divided into thirteen chapters, each of which, except the first, contains the work of a term of five months. The following extracts from the table of contents will show the arrangement of topics:

FIRST AND SECOND YEARS

Chapter I. Numbers of Three Figures. Addition and Subtraction.

THIRD YEAR

Chapters II. and III. - Numbers of Five Figures. Multipliers and Divisors of One Figure. Addition and Subtraction of Halves, of Fourths, of Thirds. Multiplication by Mixed Numbers. Pint, Quart, and Gallon; Ounce and Pound. Roman Notation.

FOURTH YEAR

Chapters IV. and V. - Numbers of Six Figures. Multipliers and Divisors of Two or More Figures. Addition and Subtraction of Easy Fractions. Multiplication by Mixed Numbers. Denominate Numbers. Roman Notation.

Simple

FIFTH YEAR

Chapters VI. and VII. — Fractions. Decimals of Three Places. Bills. Denominate Numbers. Simple Measurements.

SIXTH YEAR

Chapters VIII. and IX.

Decimals. Bills. Denominate Num

bers. Surfaces and Volumes. Percentage and Interest.

SEVENTH YEAR

Chapters XI. and XII. - Percentage and Interest. Commercial and Bank Discount. Cause and Effect. Partnership. Bonds

and Stocks.

Volumes.

Exchange. Longitude and Time.

Surfaces and

EIGHTH YEAR

Chapters XIII. and XIV. - Partial Payments. Payments. Annual Interest. Metric System.

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While all of the above topics are generally included in an eight years' course, it may be considered advisable to omit some of them, and to take up, instead, during the seventh and eighth years, the constructive geometry work of Chapter XVI. Among the topics that may be dropped without injury to the pupil are Bonds and Stocks, Exchange, Partial Payments, and Equation of Payments.

Grammar School Algebra. - Chapter X., consisting of a dozen pages, is devoted to the subject of easy equations of one unknown quantity, as a preliminary to the employment of the equation in so much of the subsequent work in arithmetic as is rendered more simple by this mode of treatment. To teachers desirous of dispensing with rules, sample solutions of type examples, etc., the algebraic method of solving the so-called "problems" in percentage, interest, discount, etc., is strongly recommended.

In Chapter XV., intended chiefly for schools having a nine years' course, the algebraic work is extended to cover simple equations containing two or more unknown quantities, and pure and affected quadratic equations of one unknown quantity.

No attempt has been made in these two chapters to treat algebra as a science; the aim has been to make grammar-school pupils acquainted, to some slight extent, with the great instrument of mathematical investigation, the equation.

Constructive Geometry.-Progressive teachers will appreciate the importance of supplementing the concrete geometrical instruction now given in the drawing and mensuration work. Chapter XVI. contains a series of problems in construction so arranged as to enable pupils to obtain for themselves a working knowledge of all the most important facts of geometry. Applications of the facts thus ascertained, are made to the mensuration of surfaces and volumes, the calculation of heights and distances, etc. No attempt is made to anticipate the work of the high-school by teaching geometry as a science.

While the construction problems are brought together into a single chapter at the end of the book, it is not intended that instruction in geometry should be delayed until the preceding work is completed. Chapter XVI. should be commenced not later than the seventh year, and should be continued throughout the remainder of the grammar-school course. For the earlier years, suitable exercises in the mensuration of the surfaces of triangles and quadrilaterals, and of the volumes of right parallelopipedons have been incorporated with the arithmetic work.

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