: uncle John Francis de Gondi, whom he suc. ceeded in 1654 as archbishop of Paris; and was finally made a cardinal. This extraordinary person has drawn his own character in his memoirs with impartiality. He was a man who, from the greatest degree of debauchery, and long languishing under its consequences, made himself adored by the people as a preacher. At the age of 23, he was at the head of a conspiracy against the life of Cardinal Richelieu; he precipitated the parliament into cabals, and the people into sedition he was (says M. Voltaire) the first bishop who carried on a civil war without the mask of religion. However, his intrigues and schemes turned out so ill, that he was obliged to quit France; and he lived the life of a vagrant exile for five or six years, till the death of his great enemy cardinal Mazarin, when he returned on certain stipulated condi. tions. After assisting in the conclave at Rome which chose Clement IX. he retired from the world, and ended his life like a philosopher in 1679; which made Voltaire say, that in his youth he lived like Catiline, and like Attions in his old age. He wrote his Memoirs in his retirement; the best edition of which is that of Amsterdam, 4 vols. 12mo. 1719. GONDOLA, a flat boat, very long and narrow; chiefly used at Venice to row on the canals. The word is Italian. Du Cange de rives it from the vulgar Greek suvlies, a bark, or little ship. The middle sized gondolas are about 30 feet long, and 4 broad: they terminate at each end in a very sharp point, which is raised perpendicularly 5 or 6 feet. GONDOLIER. s. (from gondola.) A boatman; one that rows a gondola (Shaks.). GONE. part. preter. (from go.) 1. Advanced; forward in progress (Swift). Ruined; undone (Shakspeare). (Shakspeare). 4. Lost; departed (Holder). 5. Dead; departed from life (Oldham). 3. Past GONE AWAY, in sporting, the outcry or halloo from one sportsman to another in stag or fox-hunting, when the game is perceived to break from his coverts and go off; at which time if it were not for some such exclamation, those who happen to be up the wind would have a chance of being thrown out, and from their distance not know any thing of the matter. To prevent this ill-luck, the person who first espies the animal instantly vociferates the signal; which is as quickly re-echoed by every one in succession, till it has reached and vibrates through the whole company. The chase then begins to be alive, and men, horses, and hounds all unite in rival ardour and spirit. See FoxHUNTING. GO'NFALON. Go'NFANON. s. (gonfanon, French.) An ensign; a standard (Mil.). GONJAH, a kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on the south, and Tombuctou on the north. Gonjah the capital is in Lat. 13. 20 N. Lon. 6. 10 W. GONIOMETRY, a method of measuring angles, sc called by M. de Lagny, who gave several papers, on this method, in the Memoirs of the Royal Acad. an. 1724, 1725, Macgill, in his Travels in Turkey, Italy. 1729. M. de Lagny's method of Goniometry &c. describes the gondolas in the following consists in measuring the angles with a pair manner: "A gondola is a barge of consider of compasses, and that without any scale able length, which from its peculiar construc- whatever, except an undivided semicircle. tion sits very steady in the water. It is Thus, having any angle drawn upon paper, painted black by order of government, and has to be measured; produce one of the sides on its brow a piece of flat iron, highly polished, of the angle backwards behind the angular resembling the neck of a horse. The after point; then with a pair of fine comparses depart of the boat is several feet out of the water; scribe a pretty large semicircle from the angu and almost on the point of the stern stands lar point as a centre, cutting the sides of the the rower, who having from long practice proposed angle, which will intercept a part acquired great dexterity, steers his gondola of the semicircle. Take then this intercepted with one oar, with much exactness and velo- part very exactly between the points of the city. I mention the one-oared gondola be- compasses, and turn them successively over cause I admire it the most, and think it by upon the are of the semicircle, to find how far more singular than any other. I never often it is contained in it, after which there is saw men stand and row so elegantly as the commonly some remainder: then take this Venetian gondoliers. In the middle of the remainder in the compasses, and in like manboat is a small place covered with black vel- ner find how often it is contained in the last vet, which much resembles a hearse; in the of the integral parts of the 1st arc, with front of this is a curtain; at each side a win again some remainder; find in like manner dow with Venetian blinds; and on the part how often this last remainder is contained next the stern is a cushion large enough for in the former; and so on continually, till the two people. Underneath each window is a remainder become too small to be taken and stool, on a level with the cushion; so that applied as a measure, By this meaus he obthe persons within are placed in a reclining tains a series of quotes, or fractional parts, posture. These gondolas will turn a corner one of another, which being properly reduced at full speed, and it is very rarely that any ac- into one traction, give the ratio of he first cident happens to them. The rowers have arc to the semicircle, or of the proposed angle certain expressions which they repeat to one to two right angles, or 180 degrees, and con sequently that angle itself in degrees and mi nutes. Thus, suppose the angle BAC (fig. 6. Pl. 76.) be proposed to be measured. Produce BA out towards f; and from the centre A describe the semicircle abcf, in which ab is the measure of the proposed angle. Take ab in the compasses, and apply it four times on the semicircle, as at b, c, d, and e; then take the remainder fe, and apply it back upon ed, which is but once, viz. at g; again take the remainder gd, and apply it 5 times on ge, as at h, i. k, l, and m; lastly, take the remainder me, and it is contained just 2 times in ml. Hence the series of quotients is 4, 1, 5, 2; consequently the 4th or last arc em is the third ml or gd, and therefore the 3d arc gd is whole semicircle af. But of 180° are 37 degrees, or 37° 8' 34", which therefore is the measure of the angle sought. When the operation is nicely performed, this angle may be within 2 or 3 minutes of the truth; though M. de Lagny pretends to measure much nearer than that. It may be added, that the series of fractions forms what is called a continued fraction. Thus, in the example above, the continued fraction, and its reduction, will be as follow: G. pectorale. Quadrangular, pellucid, with sixteen spheroidal molecules: the molecules oval, nearly equal in size; set in a quadrangular membrane like diamonds in a ring, the lower ones a little larger than the rest. GONORRHOEA. (gonorrhea, yroggia; from you, semen, and jew, to flow; from an erroneous supposition of the ancients that it was a seminal flux.) A preternatural flux from the urethra or vagina. It arises from the action of the venereal virus on those parts, producing first an itching, afterwards a discharge like pus, attended with heat on making water; and in men is occasionally accompanied with phymosis, and sometimes paraphymosis. GOOD. a. comp. better; superl. best. (god, Saxon; goed, Dutch.) 1. Having such physical qualities as are expected or desired; not bad; not evil (Dryden). 2. Proper; fit; convenient (Bacon). 3. Uncorrupted; undamaged (Locke). 4. Wholesome; salubri ous (Prior). 5. Medicinal; salutary (Bacon). 6. Pleasant to the taste (Bucon). 7. Complete; full (Addison). 8. Useful; valuable (Coll.). 9. Sound; not false; not fallacions (Atterb.). 10. Legal; valid; rightly claimed or held. 11. Confirmed; attested; vald (Smith). 12. Well qualified; not deficient (Locke). 13. Skilful; ready; dexterous (South). 14. Happy; prosperous (Psalms). 15. Honour. able (Pope). 16. Cheerful; gay (Pope). 17. Considerable; not small though not very great (Bacon). 18. Elegant; decent; delicate with breeding (Addison). 19. Real; serious; not feigned (Shakspeare) 20. Rich; able to gious; virtuous; pions (Matthew). 22. Kind; fulfil engagements (Shakspeare). 21. Reli soft; benevolent (Sidney). 23. Favourable; loving (Samuel). 24. Companionable; socia ble; merry (Clar.). 25. Hearty; earnest; not dubious (Sidney). 26. In GOOD time. Not too fast (Collier). 27. In GOOD sooth. Really; seriously (Shakspeare), 28. To make GooD. To keep; to maintain; not to give up; not to abandon (Dryden). 29. To make GOOD. To confirm; to establish (Smalridge). 30. To make GOOD. To perform (Waller). 31. To make GooD. To supply (L'Estrange). GOOD. S. 1. That which physically contributes to happiness; benefit; advantage; the contrary to evil (Shakspeare). 2. Prosperity; advancement (Ben Jonson). 3. Earnest; not jest (L'Estrange). 4. Moral qua lities, such as are desirable; virtue; righteous ness; piety (South). GOOD, in metaphysics, or metaphysical good, called also absolute or real good, and good per se, is the essential perfection or integrity of a thing, whereby it has every thing that belongs to its nature. In this sense, all things that are are good, inasmuch as they have the perfections naturally belonging to things of their kind. Thus, a think ing substance is good or perfect, as it has all be essential attributes of thought; so an extended substance is good, as it possesses all the parts necessary to constitute it such. GOOD (Physical or natural), is that whereby a thing possesses all things necessary to its bene esse, i. e. its well-being, or second per fection, and to the performance of its functions and uses. In this sense, physical goodness coincides with physical perfection. To this are required the several powers and faculties, in their proper degree; a due sip tion, figure, and proportion of parts, &c. Note, beside absolute physical goodness, there may be a relative one; as in foods, which to one are salutary, to another poison, &c. To this head also belong the things good pro tempore, or according to circumstances; as the amputation of a mortified limb, &c. GOOD (Moral or ethical), is the agreement of a thinking, reasonable being, and of the habits, acts, and inclinations thereof with the dictates of right reason, and the will of the Creator, as discovered by natural light. See VIRTUE. GOOD (Chief, sovereign, or supreme), summum bonum, is that, the enjoyment of which renders men truly and completely happy. The schools distinguish this chief good of man into that which is simply and adequately so, and beyond which there can be no other; and an inferior, subordinate kind, which is, in some measure, attainable in this imperfect state. This last they call felicitas viatorum, and the former felicitas comprehensorum. The chief or sovereign good, according to the idea collected of it from the original, natural, and universal preconceptions of all mankind, is something agreeable to our nature, conducive to well-being, accommodated to all places and times, durable, self-derived, and indeprivable; and this consists, says Mr. Harris, in rectitude of conduct, or in living perpetually selecting, as far as possible, what is congruous to nature, and rejecting what is contrary, making our end that selecting and rejecting only. An excellent writer lays down the following criteria or characteristics of the summum bonum, or chief good, which reason can demonstrate to be actually designed for man: it is something which all men, if not wanting to themselves, may be possessed of; it is one and the same to all mankind; and while in itself fitted to make the possessor happy, is not prevented in its operation by some other thing which keeps him from relishing it: and as to the highest good which it is possible for man to enjoy, it must be referred to no other, but all others must be embraced for the sake of this; and it must be sufficient to furnish a happiness adequate to the capacities of human nature, and of equal duration; i. e. it must be not only perfect whilst it lasts, but everlasting. According to these characters we may infer, that neither the goods of fortune, nor those of the body, nor even virtue itself, constitute the chief good. Virtue rightly understood is the perfection of human nature; it is the instrument of obtaining happiness: but this alone will not make a man happy; it is farther necessary that he be perfect as to life, or happy in the circumstances of his being: and, therefore, natural reason demonstrates, that the favour of God, secured by virtue, is properly man's supreme good. Grove's System of Moral Philosophy, vol. i. part 1. passim. GOOD. ad. 1. Well; not ill; not amiss. 2. As Good. No worse. GOOD. interj. Well; right. GOOD-CONDITIONED. a. Without ill lities or symptoms (Sharp). qua GOOD HENRY, in botany. See CHENO PODIUM. GOOD HOPE (Cape of). See CAPE. GOODIA, in botany, a genus of the class diadelphia, order decandria. Upper lip abbreviated, two-toothed, lower three-toothed and broader; keel of the corol truncated; legume pedicelled, gibbous at the back, twoseeded; stigma capitate. One species, G. lotifolia, lotus-leaved goodia; a hardy green-house shrub, of handsome growth; flowers in May, June and July; is propagated by seeds and cuttings. It is a native of New South Wales, and derives its appellation from a botanist of the name of Peter Good, whose love of plants in duced him to leave a lucrative employment and repair to this remote colony to collect seeds for his majesty, in which service he died. See Nat. Hist. Plate CXXV. GOOD-NOW. interjection. 1, In good time: a low word (Shakspeare). 2. A soft exclamation of wonder (Dryden). GOODLINESS. s. (from goodly.) Beauty; grace; elegance (Sidney). GOODLY. a. (from good.) 1. Beautiful; graceful; fine; splendid. 2. Bulky; swelling; affectedly turgid (Dryden). 3. Happy; desirable; gay (Spenser). GOODLY. ad. Excellently: obsolete (Spenser). GOODLIHOOD. s. (from goodly.) Grace; OOD goodness: obsolete (Spenser). GOODMAN. s. (good and man.) 1. A slight appellation of civility (Shakspeare). 2. A rustick terin of compliment; gaffer (Gay). GOODNESS. s. (from good.) Desirable NESS. qualities either moral or physical; kindness; favour (Hooker). GOODS. s. (from good). 1. Moveables in a house (Chapman). 2. Personal or moveable estate (Shakspeare). 3. Wares; freight; merchandise (Raleigh). GOODY. s. (corrupted from good wife.) A low term of civility used to mean persons (Gay). GOODYSHIP. s. (from goody.) The quality of a goody (Hudibras). GOOGINGS, in naval affairs, certain clamps of iron or other metal, bolted on the stern-post, on which to hang the rudder; for this purpose there is a hole in each of them to receive a correspondent spindle, bolted on the back of the rudder, which turns thereby as on hinges. There are several googings on a ship's posts and rudder, according to her size, and on these the rudder is supported and traverses. GOOLE, in law books, signifies a breach in a sca-bank, or wall. GOOMPTY, a river in Hindoostan Proper, which rises in the Rohilla country, and flow. ing S. E. by Lucknow and Joinpour, falls into the Ganges a little below Benares. GOOSANDER, in ornithology. See MER. GUS. GOOSE, in ornithology. See ANAS. GOOSE, is also a name given to a tailor's smoothing iron. GOOSEBERRY TREE. See RIBES. GOOSEBERRY (American). See MELAS TOMA. GOOSEBERRY, of the Americans, and Barbadoes. See CACTUS. GO'RBELLIED. a. (from gorbelly.) Fat; big-bellied (Shakspeare). GO'RBELLY. s. (from gon, dung, and belly.) A big paunch; a swelling belly. GORCUM, a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, which carries on a considerable trade in cheese and butter. Lat. 51°.51 N. Lon. 4°. 51 E. GORDENIA. In botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Corol longitudinally cloven on the upper side, exposing the organs of fructification; the border five-cleft; leaning one way; anthers linear, beardless; stigma cup-shaped, ciliate; capsule two-celled, two-valved; many-seeded; with a parallel partition. Ten species; shrubs of New Holland. See Nat. Hist. Pl. CXXXII. GORDIAN-KNOT. See GORDIUS. GORDIANUS (M. Antonius Africanus), a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan, by his mother's side, was an example of piety and virtue. He composed a poem in thirty books upon the virtues of Titus Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. Having been promoted to the pretorship, he was sometime after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his eightieth year, in the greatest splendor, and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest indigna. tion; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian, who was of an amiable disposition, was killed in a bloody bat tle the 25th of June, A. D. 236; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six weeks at the head of the empire, A. D. 236. He was universally lamented by the army and people. -2. M. Antoninus Pius, grandson of the first Gordian, was but twelve years old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed emperor in the sixteenth year of his age, and his selection was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the eighteenth year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his eloquence and public virtues. He entrusted his father-in-law with the most important offices, in the execution of which he corrected the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers Gordian conquered Sapor, king of Persia, who had invaded the Roman provinces, and took many flourishing cities in the cast from his adversary. In this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misithcus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the east, A. D. 244, by the means of Philip, who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a warlike and amiable prince. During the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in which the stars appeared in the middle of the day. GORDIUS, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne, in consequence of an oracle given to the Phrygians, which recommended to them to give the crown to the first man they met going to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. The famous Gordian knot took its origin from this chariot. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree was made in such an artful manner, that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance, a report was soon spread that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him who could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he wished to inspire his soldiers with courage and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. GORDIUS. Hair-worm. In zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order intestina. Body round, filiform, equal, smooth. Five species as follow. 1. G. aquaticus. Pale brown, with dark extremities. Inhabits soft stagnant waters, from four to six inches long; twists itself into various contortions and knots, and if incauti ously handled, will inflict a bite at the end of the fingers, and occasion the complaint called a whitlow. It is vulgarly supposed to be produced by horse-hairs, accidentally dropped into the water. See Nat. Hist. Pl. CXXX. 2. G. argillaceus. Body uniformly yellow. ish. Found in clay at the bottom of stagnant waters, which it pierces through; and is hardly distinguishable from the last. 3. G. filum. Body filiform, whitish and hyaline. Found in the bark of old wooden pipes, which have been placed in the ground for the purpose of conveying streams of water; is extremely slender, and a little tapering at the end. 4. G. lacteus. Body uniformly white, and opake. Found in stagnant waters; when touched contracts itself for a moment, and af terwards extends. 5. G. arenarius. Body fulvous and obtuse. Inhabits the sandy bottom of Christian's Bay, in Norway. The filiaria medinensis or Guinea worm has often been confounded with this genus: the reader will perceive the difference by turning to FILIARIA. GORDON (Thomas), a political writer, was a native of Scotland. He was concerned with Trenchard in a periodical paper, called Cato's Letters, published in 1720, and afterwards in another, entituled, The Independent Whig, which Gordon continued for some time |