gan, a lawyer of Henry Ford, came forward to argue for the majority League plank, saying: "If we provide for this referendum and lift the question out of politics, we will get 80% of the vote." Senator Jones of New Mexico spoke in the same tenor as the hall gradually emptied. The Senator's time ran out and he was stopped, the crowd applauding.

Once more Mr. Baker took the floor to speak for the ideals of Wilson. He had enthusiasm and force, and with real oratory swayed the Convention: "There is no subject on this earth, apart from my relations to my God and my duty to my family, which compares even remotely (with me) with the League of Nations."

He excoriated the proposal for a referendum on the League as unconstitutional, ineffective and cowardly :

Let me run a Republican newspaper for you for about five minutes. Tomorrow morning, should you adopt that, there will be the headline in the principal Republican paper, two inches high, clear across the page: THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION REPUDIATES WOODROW WILSON. I cannot claim that I loved Woodrow Wilson any better than you, because I know that I look into the faces of men and women who loved him totally; but I knew him better because of the closeness of my association with him, and I can imagine him looking over my shoulder here and reading that proposal, and you can imagine the fine contempt upon his face when he is asked to give his consent to this proposition, because this is what it amounts to: The Democratic Party says to the people of the United States, "We can no longer be trusted. We are going to bless this proposal, we are going to lift it out of the contamination of political contact with us; we are going to turn it loose; we are not going to be for it, except academically and theoretically; but as a militant party we are not going to fight for it."

My plank is to go into the League the way the Constitution says we are to go. Their plank is one more Mount Everest to climb. Why do men go to Asia to find mountains?

After him spoke Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, also for his proposal, and Senator Pittman against it. Mr. Pittman was subject to howls and hisses at times. From the point of applause and audience support, Mr. Baker had scored a great victory. When his time had run out the audience had insisted that he finish. The whole Convention stood and cheered at the end.

Idealism and emotion are outspoken, whereas expediency goes silently on its work. Five minutes was allowed to State Chairmen to poll their delegations. The roll call was taken. Mr. Baker's proposal went down before the majority report, 3531⁄2 to 742%.

It was nine in the evening, dinner having been forgotten. Debate turned to the Ku Klux Klan plank, and raged for two hours with many speakers on each side. Senator Owen of Oklahoma began it and William J. Bryan ended it,

MRS. IZETTA JEWELL BROWN The same joke, twice

(See preceding page)

both speaking against denouncing the Klan by name. In between spoke Bainbridge Colby and Senator David I. Walsh of Massachusetts, for specific denunciation. Finally the delegations were polled and a roll call taken. The reported votes of many States were challenged and had to be polled by the Secretary. It took over two hours to get the final result. The vote was 542.15 to 541.15 against naming the Klan. One vote margin-the presence of one or two of the 4.7 delegates missing-might have meant a different Democratic platform.

So the platform was adopted.

Balloting. Cheerfully resuming their main business, and with complete equanimity, the delegates turned to voting for a Presidential candidate. The ballots rolled off with even monotony. McAdoo got away at the start, with 431 votes, probably holding some of his strength in reserve to make a good impression later. Smith was second with 241. Others

Democratic Platform

Foreword had gone about that the Democratic platform would be much shorter than the Republican. Instead it turned out to be of about equal length-perhaps a little longer. Whereas the Republicans took 24 hours to prepare their platform-although much of it was practically prepared in advance -the Democrats spent four days on their platform, largely because of differences over the League and Klan planks.

There were only a few planks in each platform which did not have their counterparts in the other. The Republicans had planks on Economy, Reorganization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Repayment of Foreign Debts, Opposition to Government Entering Business, an Anti-Lynching Law. These have no specific treatment in the Democratic platform.

The following summary of the Democratic platform gives assertions in ordinary roman type; promises in italics. Beneath each plank in parenthesis is a condensation of the corresponding Republican plank, if any. Words and phrases of the originals are preserved as much as possible.

Wilson. Profound homage to the memory of Woodrow Wilson, whose spirit and influence will live through the ages.

To take up the standard which he bore.

(Similar reverence for the memory of Warren G. Harding.)

Principles. Democrats stand for equal opportunity for all; Republicans for special privilege. The Democratic Party stands for remedial legislation

and progress. stands still.

The Republican party

Democratic Rule, 1913-1921. Economic life quickened; no corruption; privilege uprooted; great leadership in a great war; reduction of tariff taxes; creation of Federal Trade Commission, Farm Loan system, Secretariat of Labor; Federal Reserve system; enactment of more effective, constructive, remedial legislation than the Republicans had done in a generation.

(Industry stagnant, etc.)

Republican Rule, 1921. Politics depraved; one Secretary disgraced, an. other incapable, a third shockingly unfit. Veterans' Bureau filled with fraud and neglect. Oil leases made criminally; censure of those who exposed crime. A vote for Coolidge is a vote for chaos. (Industry active, credit sound, etc.) Issues. Dishonesty; discrimination; extravagance; inefficiency; unbearable taxation; agricultural distress; high cost of living; the tariff; destruction of foreign markets; high cost of transportation.

Honesty. Ejection of the corrupt and substitution of honest officials.

(Prosecution of corrupt; new laws.) League of Nations. The only hope for world peace is in organized efforts of nations. Under Democrats such a plan was devised and is functioning for 34 nations. There is no substitute for the League. The question should be taken out of politics.

Assistance in securing peace through the League of Nations and World Court. Entry into the League with reservations when a census-referendum, authorized by Congress, shows that the people so desire.

(Enter into World Court; keep out of League; more arms limitation when conditions are favorable.)

(Progressive reduction of taxes and scientific tax reform.)

Agriculture. The Republicans brought bankruptcy to farmers by: 1) isolation which prevented Europe recovering her normal conditions and demand for food, 2) prohibitive tariff which kept high prices of manufactured products which farmers buy, 3) high transportation rates.

Betterment by 1). International coöperation by direct official means to restore Europe's purchasing power, 2) adjustment of tariff so farmers can buy manufactures in a competitive market, 3) readjustment and lowering of transportation rates, 4) completion of internal waterway systems for cheaper transportation and development of waterpowers for cheaper fertilizer, 5) stimulation of coöperative marketing, establishing of a Government export agency to prevent the export surplus from undermining home prices, 6) suitable credits, 7) reduction of the margin between the prices at which the farmer buys and at which he sells.

(Democrats destroyed balance between agriculture, industry and labor. Reduce taxes; lower freight rates; improve marketing; protective tariff on farm products; restore equality of prices between farmers' sales and purchases; Government assistance in coöperative marketing.)

Railroads. The Esch-Cummins Act of 1920 promised cheaper freight rates, improved service, better labor conditions, peace between employer and employees, fair return to railways on their investments. Democrats favor these aims but contend the Act has not achieved them.

Readjustment of freight rates giving lower rates to bulky, low-priced commodities, farm produce, coal, ore, etc., and placing the higher rates upon more valuable, less bulky freight.

(Scientific readjustment of rates by a Government commission, with a view to encouraging agricultural and basic industries; consolidation of roads; impartial tribunal to publish facts of labor disputes.)

Muscle Shoals. Use of the plant at once for manufacture of nitrates needed for munitions of war and especially for production of cheaper and higher grade fertilizer, without limit.

Credit and Banking. Republicans in 1920 demanded deflation, and within 18 months after the election, bank loans and discounts fell off five billions and currency in circulation over one and a half billions, resulting in the bankruptcy of farmers, in industrial depression, and in unemployment.

Administration of the Federal Re

serve System, to stabilize industry, commerce, finance.

Reclamation. Homestead entrymen in reclamation projects on arid and semi-arid lands of the West have suffered from extravagant inefficiencies and mistakes of the Federal Government. The Reclamation Act of 1924, attached as a rider to the second deficiency bill, was eliminated by the Republican conferees in reporting the bill an hour before adjournment.*

Carrying out actively, efficiently, economically of reclamation projects and equitable adjustments of mistakes.

(Improved conditions in reclamation areas should result from new policies worked out by the Department of the Interior.)

Conservation. Recovery of oil reserves, prosecution of those public and private who took part in leasing them; revision of the water power act; retention of title in water power; public control and conservation of coal, iron, oil, timber; protection of migratory birds; reforestation.

(Development of natural resources only when needed; safeguards against waste, speculation and monopoly; prosecution of dishonest public servants; continuation of Water Power Act.)

Waters. Deep waterways to Gulf and Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes; Inland waterways, flood control, especially on Mississippi and Colorado Rivers; survey for these purposes; examination of licenses to be granted by the Federal Water Power Commission by Congress.

(Great Lakes-Atlantic and Great Lakes-Gulf waterways; surveys for flood control on the Colorado; continuation of Federal Water Power Act.)

Fraudulent Stock. Federal law to assist the states in enforcing their laws as to fraudulent stock promotion. Monopolies. The Federal trade

* Even as a political statement this assertion is grossly unfair in that it implies that the Republicans desired to prevent the pas. sage of the reclamation bill. The deficiency bill with the reclamation bill attached came up in the Senate for final passage on the last day of the session. Senator Key Pittman of Nevada, a Democrat, was enraged because a particular appropriation in the reclamation bill one of many, but one in which he was interested-had been eliminated in joint conference. The rest of the Senate seemed ready to pass the combined bill. He declared that on account of the omission of the one project he would filibuster the bill to death. He practically did so, but in a last minute effort to save the deficiency bill even if the reclamation bill was doomed, the Republican conferees did report the deficiency bill without the reclamation rider. Senator Robinson, Democratic leader, assisted in the attempt. This bill was prevented from passing by Senator Borah, a Republican, who de clared he would not let the deficiency bill go through without the reclamation bill (TIME, June 16).

commission has unearthed many monopolies in restraint of trade. The administration has been largely indiffer

ent.

Vigorous enforcement of existing laws against monopoly.

Aviation. Sustained development of Government and commercial aviation. (Federal encouragement of commercial aviation.)

Labor. Labor is not a commodity, but is human. Democrats helped pass the Child Labor Amendment.

Encouragement of collective bargaining; laws regulating hours and conditions of labor; reciprocity in state laws regarding the product of convict labor; inauguration of public works in time of unemployment; coöperation with states in protecting women and children in industry.

(Protection of labor from undue exactions; ratification by states of the Child Labor Amendment; protection of women in industry; shorter hours; continued efforts of Federal agencies to aid workers in rehabilitation, finding employment, etc.)

Latin America. Mutual friendship with our fellow republics grows stronger. Democrats send cordial greetings.

(Republicans have secured more friendly relations with Latin America and have aided in solving the ChilePeru controversy.)

Highways. Roads are essential to rural welfare; the Democrats have aided road building.

Continuance of Federal Aid.

(Continuance of Federal Aid.)

Mining. Mining is a great and basic industry. It has suffered.

Foster it.

(Continued aid.)

Necessities of Life. Governmental regulation of anthracite coal and other industries controlling the necessities of life.

(Government has no right to regulate prices. Control and mediations in labor disputes.)

Merchant Marine. An American built, owned and manned merchant marine is necessary for military safety and protection from excessive ocean freight rates. Republicans vacillated, and allowed the volume of American freight carried on American bottoms to decrease since the Democratic Administration.

Opposition to subsidies and handicaps for American ships; prevention of discrimination by American railroads against American ships; a strong Ameri

can merchant marine, Government ownership and operation, not obstructing private development, as long as necessary for these ends.

(Strong American built, owned, manned Merchant Marine. Government operation of ships until they can be sold.)

Education. Ignorance is the enemy of freedom.

States should support schools with Federal advice and counsel.

(Federal advice; a Cabinet post of Education and Welfare.)

Civil Service. Republicans have violated principles of civil service by partisan removals, packing the Civil Service Commission, denying preference for ex-Service men.

Faithful compliance with the spirit of the law; extension of it to include internal revenue officers and others; preference for ex-Service men.

(Civil service has been improved. Extension to first, second, third class postmasters and prohibition enforcement [internal revenue subdivision] unit.)

Postal Employees. Adequate salaries for decent living conditions.

Elections. Setting forward the date of assembling of Congress after elections so lame ducks may not make laws; popular vote on Constitutional Amend

failed to enforce prohibition law, have trafficked in withdrawal permits, and protected violators.

Respect and enforcement for the Constitution and all laws.

(Full strength of the Government to enforce the Constitution and all laws.)

State Rights. Support of state vigor and power; opposition to nationalization of state functions and creation of unnecessary Federal agencies.

Immigration. Maintenance of Asiatic exclusion.

(Americanization; improvement of naturalization laws.)

Philippines. Filipinos have demonstrated their capacity for self govern

ment.

Free them now in accordance with our pledge.

(Free the islands as soon as they will benefit by independence.)

Alaska. Under Republican Rule Alaskan development has ceased and the fisheries have been impaired.

Correction of evils; full territorial government such as that formerly enjoyed by territories now states.

(Continued development.)

Hawaii. Continued development of harbors, roads and the National Park.

(Continued Federal aid in harbor improvement; settlement of public lands by native Hawaiians.)

Virgin Islands. Legislation for their welfare.

Lausanne Treaty. The treaty barters away our legitimate rights and betrays Armenia.

Protection of American rights in Turkey, and fulfillment of the Wilson award to Armenia.

Greece. Cordial welcome to the sisterhood of Republics.

War. It is a relic of barbarism. Drafting of all resources when man power is drafted.

(Drafting in war time of citizens and all needed resources.)

Army, Navy, Disarmament. Maintenance of an adequate army and navy until an agreement for a sweeping reduction of military and naval programs is obtained; obtainment of such an agreement.

(No weakening of Army, Navy at full strength under Disarmament treaties. A conference to limit land forces, submarines, gas, etc., when conditions are favorable.)

Ku Klux Klan. Adherence to Constitution, no laws restricting freedom of religion, speech, press, or peaceable assembly; separation of Church and state; obediance to the orderly processes

of law; antagonism to religious and racial discussion.

(Unyielding devotion to the Constitution and the guarantees of civil, political and religious liberty therein contained.)

Peroration. "Affirming our faith in these principles, we submit our cause to the people."

THE CABINET

Great Undertaking

Attorney General Stone, in his first important act since taking office, instituted a suit of magnitude. He attacked a monster group-some 50 Standard Oil and other oil companies, charging restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He also asked for injunctions to stop alleged illegal procedure.

The case was brought in regard to the "cracking" process for petroleum. In refining crude oil, gasoline is taken off by distillation. But on account of the great demand for gasoline, more of it is obtained by subjecting the residue of heavier oil to heat and pressure. Under this pressure, some of the heavier oil "cracks;" that is, breaks up into lighter, more volatile gasoline. The general idea of this process was invented more than 60 years ago. The patents on it have expired. The Government charges that the only patents still extant are trivial and relate only to details of the "cracking" process. Five companies, the Standard Oil of New Jersey, the Standard Oil of Indiana, the Standard Development Co., the Texas Co., the Gasoline Products Co., are accused of controlling these minor patents, pooling them, and licensing them to other companies under contracts which restrict trade and increase unnecessarily the cost of gasoline by heavy royalties. Fortyfive companies are accused as "secondary defendants," as having entered the allegedly illegal combination by securing licenses to "crack" oil under these patents.

The suits were hardly filed when the cry of "Politics" went up from the oil companies. Said they, in effect: "The case will come up in the Fall during the campaign and the Administration will try to gather votes by the claim that it is trying to lower the cost of gasoline to consumers." At the Capital it was said that the Department of Justice had been making investigations and preparing the case for over a year. Certain it is that the case has been in preparation for some time; early in June, as soon as the Tariff Commis

sion made its report on gasoline, the President turned the report over to the Attorney General.

Quite contrary to the charge that the Administration was planning to use the suit for political purposes,

Wide World

BEMAN DAWES

He has three brothers

was a suggestion of which The New York World (Democratic) made first page material: that the Pure Oil Co., of which Beman G. Dawes is President, is a secondary defendant. Beman G. is a brother of Charles G. Dawes,* the Republican candidate for Vice President, and the World added that the latter is "commonly believed to be a heavy stockholder." The World admitted, near the end of the article, that this supposition was "not of public record."

At any rate, the Department of Justice is certain to have stirred up a real legal battle, in attacking a group of corporations, including the major companies of Standard Oil. As for politics, the suit should be first aid material for stump speakers, especially if Charles G. Dawes should prove to have any connection with the Pure Oil Co. The question will be extremely technical, so very few people can really know much about it, and politicians will be able to assert, very affirmatively and generally, almost anything they like.

*Charles G. Dawes has three brothers. They are: Beman Gates Dawes, ex-Congressman, Rufus Cutler Dawes, business man and Henry M. Dawes, U. S. Comptroller of the Currency.

POLITICAL NOTES

In Rhode Island

The 21 Republican State Senators of Rhode Island who fled their state following a Democratic filibuster and a literal gas attack (TIME, June 30) were discovered just over the border at Rutland, Mass. They fled, according to their own account, in fear for their lives. One heroic Republican remained behind, risking sudden death, in order to bring up the question of no quorum, if the Democratic minority tried to do anything without them-tried for example to call a Convention for a new State Constitution in place of the present Constitution which gives the country districts (Republican) disproportionately large representation.

The fleeing Senators, to protect themselves in Rutland, had on hand six members of the Massachusetts State Patrol as well as plain-clothes men from both States. For fear of kidnapping, no one of them is allowed to leave the hotel at night without a guard.

To make themselves comfortable. they requested their wives to join them and settled down prepared to remain until next January if necessary. As the price of their return, they demanded guarantees from the Democratic State Committee (they refused to trust the Democratic Governor or Lieutenant Governor): 1) of their personal safety; 2) of the cessation of the Democratic filibuster; 3) of the Republicans being allowed to continue with the regular Senate busi

ness.

In spite of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the Republicans would doubtless be just as safe in Providence as in Rutland.

When, or if, the Democratic State Committee will promise that the Democrats will be good, the Republicans will return to the State Capitol, trusting in Providence once more.

Summonsed

The slight affair on the links of the Chevy Chase Country Club (Washington, D. C.), in which Senator Robinson of Arkansas, with a swift punch to the face, rendered horizontal a gentleman with whom he had had an altercation (TIME, June 30) resulted, in true legal fashion, in a summons. The Senator was invited by the Board of Governors to appear on July 7 "to show cause why he should not be expelled, suspended for a definite period, or censured." Meanwhile he was suspended from the Club.

INTERNATIONAL

The Ruhr

General Degoutte, French Commander-in-Chief of the Franco-Belgian forces in the Ruhr, was instructed by Premier Herriot of France to permit the return to the occupied areas of the Germans expelled therefrom since the beginning of the occupation in January, 1923.

The only exceptions made under the aforesaid order concerned those persons expelled for serious non-political crimes. The number of Germans now permitted to return to their homes was put at 210,000 and is additional to 60,000 Germans who were permitted to return to contiguous Rhineland territory under a separate order.

The amnesty thus accorded to expelled Germans is consonant with Premier Herriot's declared policy (TIME, June 16). This difference between his and Premier Poincaré's policy is substantially as follows:

Premier Poincaré had been against any modification whatsoever of the French occupation of the Ruhr until after the provisions of the Experts' Report should have been definitely accepted by the Germans and put into full operation. He had also declared that evacuation of the Ruhr even then would take place only progressively as payments were made by Germany; but there were definite signs that, had he remained in office, he would have consented to complete evacuation after the Experts' Report had become a working plan.

Premier Herriot's policy is, in its essential points, the same as that of Premier Poincaré: he will not consent to evacuate the Ruhr until after the operation of the Experts' Report has been effected; meanwhile he is showing toward the Germans a conciliatory attitude, lacking in Poincaré's policy, by freeing political prisoners and permitting expelled Germans to return to their homes and, most important, by giving Germany her last chance to eradicate her past abominations.

Premiers' Conference

The substance of the meetings between Herriot and MacDonald (TIME, June 30) and Herriot and Theunis (TIME, this issue) was the reiteration of and the adherence to a recent York speech of Premier MacDonald of

In the House of Commons, Premier MacDonald of Britain made it clear that the Premiers' Conference, which the French and British Premiers decided to call (TIME, June 30), will concern itself solely with putting into operation the provisions of the Experts' Report. Once this was settled, continued the Premier, the problems of interallied debts and French security would be separately broached. There is much wisdom in segregating these problems and settling them one by one; for in this sane policy lies at least the certainty that something will be done to relieve the burdens of a staggering Europe.

The most significant development was the invitation extended by Premier MacDonald to the U. S. Government to take part, on its own terms, in the forthcoming Premiers' Conference, which is to be held in London on July 16.

The U. S. Government accepted the invitation and appointed Frank B. Kellogg, U. S. Ambassador to Britain, to be the official representative of President Coolidge at the Conference. The White House message, making known the decision, read:

"It is the desire of the Administration that the Dawes plan should be put into effect as speedily as possible. This is the first essential step to the economic recovery abroad, in which this country is vitally interested. It is with this view, that, in response to the invitation extended by Prime Minister MacDonald, instructions have been given to Ambassador Kellogg to attend the conference in London on July 16 for the purpose of dealing with such matters as affect the interests of the United States and otherwise for purposes of information."

LITTLE ENTENTE Conference

During this month, the Little Entente, (Czecho-Slovakia, Yugo-Slavia, Rumania) will confer at Prague.

Although there was no public recogInition of the Prince of Wales' 30th birthday, guns boomed a congratulatory salute at an ungodly hour of the morning and flags flew from a majority of the flagstaffs in London.

The Prince and his equerries found themselves early confronted by a mountain of letters. A little later in the day a stream of visitors arrived at York House, the London residence of the Prince, full of congratulatory wishes. At noon, the Prince visited "my people" (the King and Queen) at Buckingham Palace and stayed for a luncheon at which General Pershing was a welcome guest. In the evening, the Prince attended a supper party given by Brigadier General and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt at Spencer House.

It was the Prince's special wish that no public celebration should be held to commemorate his 30 years of bachelorhood. Under similar circumstances the public has been wont to find a way of rendering homage to a popular figure, but no word of such a demonstration came from London. Can it be that His Royal Highness is not quite as popular as he formerly was? If not, he knows the antidote.

Parliament's Week

House of Commons. To the House, Premier MacDonald branded as "gross misrepresentation and falsification" reports which alleged that he had promised Premier Herriot a military alliance against Germany.

J. H. Thomas, Secretary of State for the Colonies, stated for the benefit of those who see in the appointment of an Irish envoy to Washington (see Page 10) the first move toward the establishment of an Irish republic, that the Government was convinced that peace and friendship could be maintained in Ireland only by the existence of the Free State as a selfgoverning dominion within the Brit